acide French · revision 15897

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1545, Guéroult|origins=la aceō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /a.sid/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''acide''' (plural acides)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|acidus|t=sour]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|24, 107b) from [[m|la|aceō|t=to be sour]],^(Wiktionary)^(DHLF 1992) related to [[m|la|ācer|t=sharp]], from an Indo-European root “*ak-” “point”, also found in [[m|la|acētum|t=vinegar]] and [[m|la|acus|t=needle]].^(DHLF 1992) The noun was taken from Medieval Latin, where “acida” was a term of alchemy (9th century).^(TLFi)

+

+ The same Latin family gave the inherited [[aigre]] and the learned [[âcre]] and [[acerbe]]; [[oseille]] is from “acidula”.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Guillaume Guéroult's ''Histoire des plantes'' (1545) has ''Ce fruict rude, acide ou mal plaisant au goust'', of a sour-tasting fruit;^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) ''acidité'' appears in the same year.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Furetière (1690) records it in chemistry, as an adjective and as a noun: a sharp salt opposed to alkali.^(TLFi) The modern concept, the acid as opposed to the base, came with Lavoisier and Guyton de Morveau at the end of the 18th century, and was redefined by the atomic and ionic theories.^(DHLF 1992) Derivatives such as ''acidifier'' (1786), ''acidulé'' (1721) and ''acidose'' (1909) followed.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ The figurative sense, “sharp, cutting”, is from the 19th century, first in Hugo (1842: ''une musique des plus acides'').^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) It is also said of vivid colours (''un vert acide'').^(GLLF 1989)^(Larousse) About 1965 the noun took the sense “LSD” from American English ''acid''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1545 – ''Acide'' and ''acidité'' in Guéroult.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1690 – A chemical term, in Furetière.^(TLFi)

+ * 1721 – ''Acidulé''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1786 – ''Acidifier''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1842 – Figurative use in Hugo.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1965 – “LSD”, after American English.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|sour|alt=Sour]], sharp-tasting: ''un fruit acide''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Cutting, caustic: ''des propos acides''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # Of a colour, harsh, vivid: ''un vert acide''.^(Larousse)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(chemistry)'' [[m|en|acidic|alt=Acidic]]: ''solution acide'', ''pluies acides''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(chemistry)'' An [[m|en|acid]]: ''acide sulfurique'', ''acide aminé''.^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(slang)'' Acid, [[m|en|LSD]].^(Larousse)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[acidité]]

+ * [[acidifier]]

+ * [[acidulé]]

+ * [[acidose]]

+ * [[antiacide]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[aigre]]

+ * [[âcre]]

+ * [[acerbe]]

+ * [[oseille]]

+ * [[la|acidus]]

+ * [[en|acid]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}