évaluer French · revision 15883
17 Oct 2026, 21:00 by bogdan “New French entry (TLFi, FEW, DHLF, Bloch–Wartburg…)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1366, esvaluer|origins=la valeō}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA: /e.va.lɥe/^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''évaluer'''^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[af|fr|é-|value|-er]],^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary) from [[m|fro|value|t=value, price]] (12th–17th century), the feminine past participle of [[valoir]] used as a noun.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)^(FEW|14, 133a) It replaced the older [[m|fro|avaluer]] (1283), formed with [[a-]] and used until the 17th century.^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ It is first recorded as ''esvaluer'' in 1366, in the hospital archives of Béthune, meaning “to fix the value or price of something”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ The sense “to determine the value or price” has stayed central.^(DHLF 1992) By extension it came to mean “to fix approximately (a quantity, a distance)” and “to assess (a person's qualities or chances)” in the late 18th century (Chamfort),^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) and “to determine by calculation” (1870).^(DHLF 1992) Littré remarked that ''évaluer'' was not found in the old texts, where ''avaluer'' was used.^(Littré 1873)
+
+ The noun ''évaluation'' dates from 1365, and the compounds ''réévaluer'', ''sous-évaluer'' (1856) and ''surévaluer'' (1931) followed.^(DHLF 1992)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 1283 – The older ''avaluer'' in Beaumanoir.^(TLFi)
+ * 1365 – The noun ''evaluacion''.^(DHLF 1992)
+ * 1366 – ''Esvaluer'' in Béthune.^(TLFi)
+ * 1660 – Last record of ''avaluer'' (Oudin).^(TLFi)
+ * 1694 – Recorded by the Académie.^(TLFi)
+ * 1870 – “To calculate (a quantity)”.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To [[m|en|value]] or [[m|en|appraise]]: to judge the worth or price of something.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)
+ # To [[m|en|estimate]] approximately: ''évaluer une distance à vue d'œil''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)
+ # To determine (a quantity) by calculation rather than direct measurement.^(Petit Robert 2007)
+ # To [[m|en|assess]] (risks, a level, a person).^(GLLF 1989)^(TLFi)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[évaluation]]
+ * [[évaluable]]
+ * [[réévaluer]]
+ * [[sous-évaluer]]
+ * [[surévaluer]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[valoir]]
+ * [[valeur]]
+ * [[dévaluer]]
+ * [[plus-value]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}