liste French · revision 15877

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1567|origins=gmw-pro *lista}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /list/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''liste''' ''f'' (plural listes)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The modern word is [[bor|it|lista|t=strip, border; list of names]] (late 13th century in Italian),^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) which comes from a Germanic word for “border, strip”,^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi) [[gmw-pro|*lista]],^(TLFi)^(FEW|16, 469b) seen in [[de|Leiste|t=border, strip]], [[en|list]] and [[nl|lijst]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) The sense “list of names” grew out of “strip”, perhaps because names were first written in columns along the border of a page.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ The same Germanic word had given [[fro|liste|t=border, band]] (about 1150), which survives as a horse breeder's term (see Usage notes) and in [[liteau]].^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record in this sense is in 1567, in a text on municipal law (Espinas), for a series of names written one after another;^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992) Bloch and Wartburg date it to 1587.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ By the late 16th century ''liste'' also meant an enumeration, often a long one (d'Aubigné's ''une grande liste de crimes'').^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) ''Liste noire'' (1702) is a calque of English ''black list'' (1692),^(DHLF 1992) and ''liste civile'' (late 17th century) translates English ''civil list'', the sum granted to the English king after 1688;^(DHLF 1992) it was later used of the French president's allowance (1873).^(DHLF 1992) With the Revolution came ''scrutin de liste'' (1789), and electoral lists of candidates followed.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) Wedding lists (''liste de mariage'') are recorded in 1968.^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ The verb ''lister'' (about 1920) and ''listage'' (about 1950), old formations on the Old French ''liste'' “border”, were revived under English influence, especially in computing, where ''listing'' (1953) is also used.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1150 – Old French ''liste'' “border”, in the ''Roman de Thèbes''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1567 – ''Liste'' “series of names”.^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * Late 17th century – ''Liste civile''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1702 – ''Liste noire''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1789 – ''Scrutin de liste''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * c. 1920 – The verb ''lister''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|list]]: a series of names, words or signs written one below another: ''dresser une liste'', ''liste alphabétique''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # A long [[m|en|enumeration]]: ''la liste de ses crimes''.^(Larousse)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''(elections)'' The candidates of one party: ''liste bloquée''.^(Larousse)

+ # ''Liste noire'': a [[m|en|blacklist]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)

+ # ''Liste civile'': the allowance of a head of state.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Liste de mariage'': a wedding gift list.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[lister]]

+ * [[listage]]

+ * [[colistier]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[liteau]]

+ * [[listel]]

+ * [[it|lista]]

+ * [[en|list]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ An older word ''liste'' (about 1150, “border, band”), inherited from the Germanic source, is now only a term of horse breeding for a white stripe on a horse's face (1600, Olivier de Serres).^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}