manganèse French · revision 15867

+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=borrowing|attested=1578, Vigenère}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /mɑ̃.ɡa.nɛz/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''manganèse''' ''m'' (plural manganèses)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|it|manganese]], recorded in Italian from 1301–1303 as the name of black magnesia (manganese dioxide),^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) whose origin is uncertain.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(FEW|6/1, 197b) Bloch and Wartburg, Gamillscheg and Corominas see in it an alteration of [[la-med|magnēsia]], the source of [[magnésie]];^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) the TLFi and the GLLF note that neither this nor a proposed Byzantine Greek source fits the sound changes.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) Littré reports Scheler's suggestion of [[de|Manganerz]] and doubted the alteration of “magnésie”.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ French also had “magnèse”, after the Latin word, and the altered forms “magalaise” and “méganaise”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Vigenère uses it in 1578, in his translation of Philostratus' ''Images'', for black magnesia, the peroxide of manganese used in glassmaking.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The name was transferred to the metal that Scheele and Gahn isolated from this mineral in 1774;^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Littré 1873) the ''Tableau de la nomenclature chimique'' gave it this sense in 1787.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) In the 19th century it produced a series of chemical terms: ''manganeux'' (1831), ''manganate'' and ''manganique'' (1840), ''permanganate'' (1845) and ''manganifère'' (1873).^(DHLF 1992) English ''manganese'' was borrowed from the French word in the 1670s as the name of the black mineral.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1301–1303 – Italian ''manganese'' at Siena.^(TLFi)

+ * 1578 – ''Manganèse'' “black magnesia” in Vigenère.^(TLFi)

+ * 1774 – Scheele and Gahn isolate the metal.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873)

+ * 1787 – The name of the metal, in the chemical nomenclature.^(TLFi)

+ * 1845 – ''Permanganate''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|manganese|alt=Manganese]], a hard, brittle grey metal, the chemical element of atomic number 25 (symbol Mn), used chiefly in [[m|en|alloy|alt=alloys]] such as manganese steel.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''(historical)'' Black magnesia, manganese dioxide.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[manganésé]]

+ * [[manganate]]

+ * [[permanganate]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[magnésie]]

+ * [[en|manganese]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}