programme French · revision 15860

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1677, Duillier|origins=grc πρόγραμμα}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /pʁɔ.ɡʁam/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''programme''' ''m'' (plural programmes)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|grc|πρόγραμμα|tr=prógramma|t=public notice, order of the day]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|9, 436b) from [[m|grc|πρό|tr=pró|t=before]] and [[m|grc|γράμμα|tr=grámma|t=what is written]], literally “what is written beforehand”.^(DHLF 1992) Latin had [[la-lat|programma]] in the same sense, from the Greek.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) Richelet (1680) spells it “programe” and notes that it comes from Greek.^(TLFi)

+

+ English took the word as “program” and “programma” in the 17th century and as “programme” in the early 19th, probably under French influence;^(TLFi) the radio and computing senses were in turn borrowed from English.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is first recorded in 1677 in Duillier's French–Italian dictionary;^(TLFi) Richelet (1680) defines it as a notice, posted or handed out, giving the subject of a college's public performance and the names of the performers.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “written announcement of a show” is in the ''Encyclopédie'' (1765),^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007) and in schools the word came to mean the subjects of a course or examination, a sense common from the 19th century.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) With the Revolution (Bailly, 1789) it took the political sense, a set of intended actions and measures;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) hence any planned sequence of actions, and de Gaulle's ironic ''vaste programme !''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ In 1933 it was used of radio broadcasts, perhaps after English;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) in 1954 it named the instructions governing an electronic machine, and in 1959 a computer program, both senses from English.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) By analogy biologists speak of a ''programme génétique''.^(DHLF 1992) The verb ''programmer'' dates from 1917.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1677 – In Duillier's dictionary.^(TLFi)

+ * 1680 – ''Programe'' in Richelet.^(TLFi)

+ * 1765 – The programme of a show, in the ''Encyclopédie''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1789 – A political programme, in Bailly.^(TLFi)

+ * 1917 – The verb ''programmer''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1933 – A radio programme.^(TLFi)

+ * 1959 – A computer program.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|programme|alt=program]] or printed leaflet announcing a show, ceremony or concert; what is announced: ''changement de programme''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Le Robert)

+ # Radio or television programmes, the schedule of broadcasts.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # The [[m|en|syllabus]] of a course or examination.^(Le Robert)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # A set of planned actions; a political [[m|en|platform]]: ''programme électoral''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(computing)'' A computer program.^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+ # ''(biology)'' ''Programme génétique'': the genetic program.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[programmer]]

+ * [[programmation]]

+ * [[programmatique]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[grc|πρόγραμμα|tr=prógramma]]

+ * [[en|program]]

+ * [[en|programme]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}