concert French · revision 15842

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=late 16th century, Pasquier|origins=la certō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kɔ̃.sɛʁ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''concert''' ''m'' (plural concerts)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|it|concerto|t=agreement; ensemble of voices and instruments]] (16th century),^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(FEW|2, 999a) a noun from [[m|it|concertare|t=to bring into agreement]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) from [[la|concertō|t=to contend, vie]], hence “to come to an agreement”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Etymonline) Etymonline notes that the sense development from Latin “to contend” to medieval Italian “to bring into agreement” is not clear.^(Etymonline)

+

+ The Italian word was taken again in the form “concerto” in 1739 (de Brosses), with another sense.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Étienne Pasquier, in his ''Recherches de la France'', lists ''concert'' for ''conférence'' among the words recently borrowed from Italy;^(Littré 1873)^(Grand Robert 2005) the TLFi records his use for a public lecture before 1615.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The musical sense, a group of instruments playing together, is in Régnier's ''Satires'' (1608) and Cotgrave (1611);^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989) in the 19th century it came to mean a musical performance, the hall where it takes place and the musicians themselves.^(DHLF 1992) In the 20th century the word was used both of classical concerts and of popular music before very large audiences.^(DHLF 1992) By extension it names any set of simultaneous sounds (''un concert de klaxons'').^(DHLF 1992)^(Larousse)

+

+ The general sense “agreement, concert of action” (Corneille, 1632–1633) survives in ''de concert'' “together, in agreement” (Pascal) and in the ''concert des nations'';^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''concert de louanges'' is a chorus of praise.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) In Belgium ''concert'' was the name of bourgeois assemblies.^(BHVF) [[en|concert]] was borrowed from the French word in the 1660s, first in the sense “agreement”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 16th century – ''Concert'' for ''conférence'', in Pasquier.^(Littré 1873)

+ * 1608 – A group of musical instruments, in Régnier.^(TLFi)

+ * 1632–1633 – “Agreement” in Corneille.^(TLFi)

+ * 1657–1661 – ''De concert'' in Pascal.^(TLFi)

+ * 1660s – English borrows ''concert''.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1739 – The Italianism ''concerto''.^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1852 – ''Café-concert''.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|concert]], musical performance: ''aller au concert'', ''salle de concert''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # A chorus of sounds: ''le concert des oiseaux'', ''un concert de sifflets''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''(literary)'' [[m|en|agreement|alt=Agreement]], harmony between people or states: ''le concert des nations''.^(Larousse)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+ # ''De concert'': together, in concert.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''Un concert de louanges'': a chorus of praise.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[concerter]]

+ * [[concertiste]]

+ * [[café-concert]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[concerto]]

+ * [[déconcerter]]

+ * [[en|concert]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}