crusade English · revision 1581

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kɹuːˈseɪd/ ''(UK)''; /kɹuˈseɪd/ ''(US)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a blend or respelling of [[frm|croisade]] (borrowed in the 1570s)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU) and [[es|cruzada]],^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU) both ultimately from [[la|crux|t=cross]].^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate) The Spanish word is from [[la-med|cruciāta]], past participle of ''cruciāre'' “to mark with a cross”.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline) Middle English used ''croiserie'' (about 1300), from Old French.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ A military expedition of European Christians to recover the Holy Land, as ''croisade'' (1577).^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1995) The modern form ''crusade'' dates from 1706.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word was soon extended to any holy war blessed by the Church (1603),^(OED 1989) such as those against the Albigensians.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) The figurative sense of an aggressive campaign against a public evil appeared in 1786,^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) and in modern use a crusade may be any vigorous movement for a cause.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU) In Middle English the usual way to say “go on crusade” was ''take the cross''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * about 1300 – ''croiserie''.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)

+ * 1577 – ''croisade'', a crusade to the Holy Land.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)

+ * 1603 – any holy war sanctioned by the Church.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1706 – the spelling ''crusade''.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)

+ * 1732 – verb, to go on a crusade.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1743 – ''crusader''.^(Barnhart 1995)

+ * 1786 – a campaign against a public evil.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(often capitalized)'' Any of the military expeditions of European Christians in the 11th to 13th centuries to win the [[Holy Land]] from the Muslims.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A holy war undertaken with the sanction of the [[pope]].^(AHD)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A vigorous, concerted movement for a cause or against an abuse.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Verb===

+ # To take part in a crusade.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[crusader]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[cross]]

+ * [[crucial]]

+ * [[crucifer]]

+ * [[crucify]]

+ * [[crucifixion]]

+ * [[excruciate]]

+ * [[excruciation]]

+ * [[crux]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}