sarcasme French · revision 15787

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1552, Rabelais, Quart Livre|origins=grc σάρξ}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /saʁ.kasm/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /saʁ.kazm/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''sarcasme''' ''m'' (plural sarcasmes)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la-lat|sarcasmus]], used by the grammarians as a term of rhetoric,^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|11, 221a) from [[grc|σαρκασμός|tr=sarkasmós|t=bitter laughter, sneer]], derived from [[m|grc|σαρκάζω|tr=sarkázō|t=to bare the teeth; to bite the flesh; to tear with sneers]], from [[m|grc|σάρξ|tr=sárx|t=flesh]].^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Littré 1873) Fabri's “Rhétorique” (1521) already has “sarcosmos”.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the new prologue of Rabelais's ''Quart Livre'' (1552), the Gospel says to the careless physician, ''en horrible sarcasme'', “physician, heal thyself”;^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Littré 1873) the Grand Robert and the Petit Robert date the word from 1546.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Petit Robert 2007) Ronsard defines a sarcasm as the mockery of a victor over the body of his dying enemy.^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word means bitter, cutting irony, and also from Furetière (1690) to the Trévoux dictionary (1771) it was also recorded as a term of rhetoric.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Un sarcasme'', ''des sarcasmes'' are sneering remarks.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+

+ The adjective ''sarcastique'' appeared at the end of the 18th century (Mme de Staël, Benjamin Constant), formed after ''enthousiaste'' and ''ironique''^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989); Chamfort had used ''sarcasmatique'' in 1794.^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1521 – ''Sarcosmos'' in Fabri's ''Rhétorique''.^(TLFi)

+ * 1546 – Date given by the Grand Robert.^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1552 – ''En horrible sarcasme'' (Rabelais).^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1690 – A term of rhetoric (Furetière).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1694 – First recorded by the Académie.^(TLFi)

+ * late 18th century – ''Sarcastique'' (Mme de Staël).^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|sarcasm|alt=Sarcasm]], bitter, cutting [[m|en|irony]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # A sarcastic remark; a [[m|en|gibe]]: ''répondre par des sarcasmes''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[sarcastique]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[sarcophage]]

+ * [[en|sarcasm]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}