citoyen French · revision 15766

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1154–1173, Benoît de Sainte-Maure, citeain|origins=la cīvitās}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /si.twa.jɛ̃/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''citoyen''' ''m'' (plural citoyens, feminine citoyenne)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old French ''citeain'', ''citeien'' (12th century), ''citoien'' (second half of the 13th century).^(TLFi)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is derived from [[cité]] with the suffix “-ain”, later confused with “-ien”: Old French [[m|fro|citeain]], [[m|fro|citeien]], [[m|fro|citoien]].^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)^(Académie 9)^(FEW|2, 725a) “Cité” is [[inh|la|cīvitās|t=body of citizens; city]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Littré derived it from a Late Latin “civitadanus”.^(Littré 1873) It is a doublet of [[citadin]], borrowed from Italian.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Compare [[oc|ciutadan]], [[es|ciudadano]] and [[it|cittadino]].^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In Benoît de Sainte-Maure's ''Roman de Troie'' (1154–1173) a ''citeain'' is an inhabitant of a town^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873); Thomas Becket's biographer writes ''des citehains de Lundres fui nés''.^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From about 1160 (''Enéas''), as a term of antiquity, a ''citoyen'' was a man enjoying the rights of a city, ''citoyen romain'' (1638); Corneille's ''bon citoyen'' (1641) is a law-abiding man.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) In the 18th century the word took its political sense, a member of a State considered as holder of civic rights (1751), central to the Enlightenment and the Revolution.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ On 24 May 1792 Pétion urged ''citoyen'' and ''citoyenne'' as titles in place of ''monsieur'' and ''madame''.^(TLFi) Familiarly, ''un drôle de citoyen'' is an odd fellow (Boileau, 1694).^(TLFi)^(Littré 1873) As an adjective, Old French had ''dreit citeien'' “civil law” (1174–1178); the modern adjective ''citoyen'' “civic, responsible”, as in ''une entreprise citoyenne'', is recent.^(TLFi)^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1154–1173 – ''Citeain'', a town dweller.^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1160 – A citizen of an ancient city (''Enéas'').^(TLFi)

+ * 1290 – ''Concitoyen''.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1641 – ''Bon citoyen'' (Corneille).^(TLFi)

+ * 1751 – A member of a State with political rights.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1792 – ''Citoyen'' as a title replacing ''monsieur''.^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|citizen]], a member of a State with civic rights and duties: ''citoyen français''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(history)'' A person with the rights of a city in antiquity; under the Revolution, a title used instead of ''monsieur''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Littré 1873)

+ # ''(familiar)'' A fellow: ''un drôle de citoyen''.^(Littré 1873)^(TLFi)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|civic|alt=Civic]], socially responsible: ''une démarche citoyenne''.^(Wiktionary)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[citoyennement]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[civique]]

+ * [[cité]]

+ * [[citadin]]

+ * [[en|citizen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}