népotisme French · revision 15749

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1653, Guez de Balzac, letter to Conrart|origins=la nepōs}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ne.pɔ.tism/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /ne.pɔ.tizm/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''népotisme''' ''m'' (plural népotismes)^(Wiktionary)

+ Written ''nepotisme'' by the Académie in 1694 and 1718, ''népotisme'' from 1740.^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|it|nepotismo]], recorded in Italian only from 1672,^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|7, 95b) derived from [[m|it|nepote|t=nephew]] (Bloch and Wartburg and the GLLF write “nipotismo”, “nipote”),^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989) from [[la|nepōs|t=grandson; nephew]], the source of [[neveu]].^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Académie 9)^(Littré 1873) English “nepotism” (17th century) was taken from French.^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Guez de Balzac, in a letter to Conrart of 28 April 1653, says he would not exchange a friendship ''pour le Népotisme du Cardinal Pamphilio'': the favour shown by popes to their nephews.^(TLF-Étym)^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ A 1669 translation from Italian was titled ''Le népotisme de Rome'', on the reasons that lead popes to enrich their nephews, and Bayle (1697) compares nepotism to a dying beast that bites hardest at the end.^(TLF-Étym) Furetière (1690) records it as a term used in Italy of a living pope's nephews.^(TLF-Étym)

+

+ By extension, from 1800, it is the favour shown by a person in office to relatives, friends and connections, now the usual sense.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1653 – Papal favour to nephews (Guez de Balzac).^(TLF-Étym)^(TLFi)

+ * 1669 – ''Le népotisme de Rome'', a translation.^(TLF-Étym)

+ * 1672 – Italian ''nepotismo'' recorded.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1690 – First recorded in a dictionary (Furetière).^(TLF-Étym)

+ * 1800 – Favouritism towards relatives and friends.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|nepotism|alt=Nepotism]], the use of one's position to obtain jobs and favours for relatives and friends; [[m|en|favouritism]].^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''(history)'' The favour shown by some popes to their nephews and relatives.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[neveu]]

+ * [[la|nepōs]]

+ * [[en|nepotism]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}