flamme French · revision 15683

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=second half of the 10th century, Vie de saint Léger (flamma)|origins=la flamma}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /flam/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA: /flɑm/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''flamme''' ''f'' (plural flammes)^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Flamma'' (10th century), ''flame'' (Old and Middle French); ''flamme'' from the 12th century.^(GLLF 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|fro|flame]], [[inh|la|flamma|t=flame, fire]], used literally and figuratively.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|3, 599b) Rey explains the Latin word as an expressive formation from “flag-ma”, related to [[m|la|flagrō|t=to burn]] and [[m|la|fulgur|t=lightning]], from an Indo-European root meaning “to shine”.^(DHLF 1992)^(Petit Robert 2007) [[en|flame]] comes from Old French.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[it|fiamma]], [[ca|flama]] and [[es|llama]].^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The ''Vie de saint Léger'' (second half of the 10th century) uses it of the visible part of a fire.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Chrétien de Troyes (1176–1181) uses it as a metaphor for a consuming passion, and also from the early 17th century ''flamme'' alone means love.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) ''Être tout feu tout flamme'' expresses ardent enthusiasm (1580 for the sense “ardour”).^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) The plural is a fire, a conflagration (1617), and the stake (1690).^(DHLF 1992)

+

+ From the wavy shape it named a long pennant (about 1210), still used at sea, and a flame-shaped ornament (1690).^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The compound [[oriflamme]] was the banner of Saint-Denis and the French kings.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * second half of the 10th century – ''Flamma'' (''Saint Léger'').^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1176–1181 – Metaphor for passion (Chrétien).^(TLFi)

+ * c. 1210 – A long pennant.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1580 – “Ardour” (Montaigne).^(GLLF 1989)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * early 17th century – “Love”.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1690 – An ornament (Furetière).^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|flame]]^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary); ''(plural)'' fire: ''en flammes''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Ardour, enthusiasm; brilliance.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(classical, literary)'' Love, passion.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ # ''(nautical)'' A long narrow pennant, a [[m|en|streamer]].^(Wiktionary)^(TLFi)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[enflammer]]

+ * [[flamber]]

+ * [[flambeau]]

+ * [[oriflamme]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[flamiche]]

+ * [[flagrant]]

+ * [[la|flamma]]

+ * [[en|flame]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A second ''flamme'', a veterinary lancet, comes from Old French ''flieme'', from Latin ''phlebotomus'', altered after the first.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}