craie French · revision 15660

17 Oct 2026, 17:38 by bogdan “New French entry (TLFi, FEW, DHLF, Bloch–Wartburg…)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 11th century, creide (Rashi)|origins=la crēta}}
+ 
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA: /kʁɛ/^(Wiktionary)
+ 
+ ==Forms==
+ '''craie''' ''f'' (plural craies)^(Wiktionary)
+ Old French ''creide'' (11th century), ''croie'' (about 1175), ''crée'' (early 14th century); ''craye'' in the Académie of 1694.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)
+ 
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[inh|fro|croie]], [[inh|la|crēta|t=chalk; white clay]],^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Wiktionary)^(FEW|2, 1330a) a word of unknown origin, also the source of [[de|Kreide]].^(DHLF 1992) In Gallo-Romance it kept only the sense “chalk”,^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) while [[it|creta]] and [[es|greda]] also mean “clay”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(REW 1935)
+ 
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ Rashi's glosses (late 11th century) have ''creide'' for chalk,^(TLFi) and Chrétien de Troyes writes ''croie'' (about 1175).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)
+ 
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ Besides the soft white limestone, the word names the stick of chalk used for drawing (''craie rouge'', 1538) and for writing on a slate or blackboard.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989) In Old French it was also a symbol of purity.^(DHLF 1992) In late 19th-century slang a bill run up at a restaurant was a ''craie'', like ''ardoise'', from the chalk marks on the slate.^(DHLF 1992)
+ 
+ Derivatives include ''crayeux'' (13th century), ''crayère'' “chalk pit”, used as a champagne cellar (early 14th century), and [[crayon]].^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(TLFi)
+ 
+ ==Timeline==
+ * late 11th century – ''Creide'' (Rashi).^(TLFi)^(Grand Robert 2005)
+ * c. 1175 – ''Croie''.^(TLFi)
+ * early 14th century – ''Crée'', and ''craiere'' “chalk pit”.^(Grand Robert 2005)^(TLFi)
+ * 1538 – ''Craie rouge''.^(DHLF 1992)
+ * 1866 – A stick of chalk for writing.^(GLLF 1989)
+ 
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Noun===
+ # [[m|en|chalk|alt=Chalk]], the soft white limestone.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Wiktionary)
+ # A stick of chalk for writing or drawing.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)
+ 
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[crayeux]]
+ * [[crayon]]
+ * [[crayonneur]]
+ * [[porte-crayon]]
+ 
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[crétacé]]
+ * [[la|crēta]]
+ 
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}