risque French · revision 15614

+ {{infobox|confidence=disputed|formation=borrowing|attested=1557|origins=la resecō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ʁisk/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''risque''' ''m'' (plural risques)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|roa-oit|risco]] (modern [[it|rischio]]),^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(Wiktionary) which corresponds to [[la-med|resicum]], [[m|la-med|risicus]], recorded at Marseille, Bologna and elsewhere from the 12th and 13th centuries.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) The further origin is disputed.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) The TLFi, Bloch and Wartburg and the GLLF derive it from [[la-vul|*resecum|t=that which cuts]], from [[la|resecō|t=to cut off]], hence “sheer rock”, then “reef”, and finally the risk run by goods carried by sea;^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)^(GLLF 1989)^(FEW|10, 292a) [[es|risco|t=crag]] keeps the sense of rock.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992) Guiraud rejected this “nautical romance” and proposed a Romance [[la-vul|*rixicō]], from [[la|rixor|t=to quarrel]];^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005) others pointed to [[grc|ῥιζικόν|tr=rhizikón|t=chance, fate]], which the TLFi thinks cannot explain the vowel of the Medieval Latin forms.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(TLFi)^(REW 1935)

+

+ Related are [[es|riesgo]], [[ca|reec]] and [[pro|rezegue|t=risk to goods at sea]].^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is recorded from 1557 (1578 in Henri Estienne, who lists it among new Italianisms), at first as a feminine noun meaning a danger or likely harm.^(DHLF 1992)^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The masculine gender took over in the 17th century (Pascal 1657, Molière 1663), though ''à toute risque'' lasted until the end of the century.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989) Phrases followed: ''courir risque'' (1596), ''au risque de'' (1694), ''à tout risque'' (about 1770), ''aux risques et périls de'' (1769) and, in the 20th century, ''prendre des risques''.^(DHLF 1992)^(GLLF 1989)

+

+ In law and insurance it is the possibility of a future loss and the event insured against (Furetière, 1690; insurance, 1842).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989) The verb [[risquer]] is from the 16th century.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1557 – First record, as a feminine noun.^(DHLF 1992)^(Grand Robert 2005)

+ * 1578 – Henri Estienne.^(TLFi)^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+ * 1657 – Masculine gender (Pascal).^(Grand Robert 2005)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1690 – Legal sense (Furetière).^(TLFi)^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1694 – ''Au risque de''.^(TLFi)^(DHLF 1992)

+ * 1842 – Insurance sense.^(GLLF 1989)

+ * 1870 – ''Risque-tout'' “daredevil”.^(Bloch & Wartburg 1989)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|risk]], a possible danger or harm: ''courir un risque''.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(Larousse)

+ # ''(insurance, law)'' The possibility of a loss, or the loss insured against.^(Petit Robert 2007)^(GLLF 1989)

+ # ''Au risque de'': at the risk of.^(Petit Robert 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[risquer]]

+ * [[risque-tout]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|risk]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}