δέκα Ancient Greek · revision 15596

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *déḱm̥}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /dé.ka/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈðe.ka/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈðe.ka/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''δέκᾰ''' (déka) (ordinal δέκᾰτος, adverbial δεκᾰ́κῐς)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*dékə]], [[inh|ine-pro|*déḱm̥|t=ten]].^(Wiktionary)^(Beekes 2010) Cognate with [[la|decem|t=ten]], [[sa|दश|tr=dáśa|t=ten]], [[got|𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌷𐌿𐌽|tr=taihun|t=ten]], [[xcl|տասն|tr=tasn|t=ten]] and [[ang|tīen|t=ten]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Beside it stood a collective form with /t/, seen in [[sa|दशत्|tr=daśát]], [[lt|dẽšimt|t=ten]] and [[cu|десѧть|tr=desętĭ|t=ten]], which may also underlie the ordinal [[m|grc|δέκατος|tr=dékatos|t=tenth]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Arcadian has [[m|grc|δέκο|tr=déko]], and an archaic spelling [[m|grc|ζέκα|tr=zéka]] is found.^(DGE)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer uses it from the ''Iliad'' (2.372) and the ''Odyssey'' on.^(GLAUx)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ With the article it named groups of ten: “the Ten” and “the tyranny of the Ten” at Athens (Isocrates, Aristotle), and later the ten Attic orators (Philostratus).^(LSJ 1940) Xenophon uses “the ten from youth” for those ten years past the age of military service, and Appian renders the Roman ''decemviri''.^(LSJ 1940) Compound numerals such as δεκαείς became usual only in Hellenistic Greek.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ Its derivatives include [[δεκάτη|tr=dekátē]] “the tenth part, tithe” and [[δεκάς|tr=dekás]] “a group of ten”, a Greek innovation.^(Beekes 2010) The word continues unchanged in Medieval and Modern Greek ''δέκα'' and in Mariupol Greek.^(Kriaras)^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Wiktionary) English ''deca-'' comes from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' use it.^(GLAUx)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Isocrates uses “the Ten” of the Athenian rulers.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * Hellenistic – Compound numerals with δέκα become usual.^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 2nd century AD – Appian uses “ten men” for the Roman decemvirs.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * Modern Greek – ''δέκα'' means ten.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Numeral===

+ # [[m|en|ten|alt=Ten]].^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(with the article)'' The Ten, a board of ten men.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|decem]]

+ * [[en|ten]]

+ * [[en|deca-]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}