στερεός Ancient Greek · revision 15594

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *ster-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /ste.re.ós/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ste.reˈos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ste.reˈos/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''στερεός''' (stereós) ''m'' (feminine στερεᾱ́, neuter στερεόν); first/second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It probably comes from [[m|grc|*στερεϝός|tr=*sterewós]], a formation like [[m|grc|ἐτεός|tr=eteós|t=true]] and [[m|grc|κενεός|tr=keneós|t=empty]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Attic [[m|grc|στερρός|tr=sterrós]] developed from it.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(Πάπυρος) It is built on the Indo-European root [[ine-pro|*ster-|t=stiff, firm]], seen in [[goh|starablint|t=blind]], [[gem-pro|*staraz|t=stiff]] and [[txb|ścīre|t=hard]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary)^(Πάπυρος)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer has the adverb στερεῶς, “firmly”, in the ''Iliad'' (9.510), and the adjective for firm ox-hide shields (''Iliad'' 17.493) and for hard stone or iron (''Odyssey'' 19.494).^(GLAUx)^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Classical Greek it is firm, hard or solid: of ground and bones (Euripides, Plato, Xenophon), of solid gold (Herodotus), and of strong cloth.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940) Democritus, as Aristotle reports, set the solid against the void.^(LSJ 1940) Of money and measures it meant standard, of full value, and Euripides and Aristotle use it rarely for barren.^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary) Geometers used it for solid bodies and cubic numbers, whence [[στερεομετρία|tr=stereometría]] “stereometry” (the ''Epinomis'', Aristotle).^(Beekes 2010) Figuratively it was stubborn, hard, cruel.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Its derivative [[στερέωμα|tr=steréōma]] meant a firm framework and the firmament.^(Beekes 2010) Modern Greek ''στερεός'' is learned, partly a semantic loan from French ''solide''.^(Triantafyllidis 1998) French ''stère'' (1798), the cubic metre, comes from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' use it for firm shields and hard stone.^(LSJ 1940)^(GLAUx)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus uses it for solid gold.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 5th century BC – Euripides uses it for barren.^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE)

+ * 4th century BC – Aristotle uses στερεομετρία.^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE)

+ * 1798 – French ''stère'' is formed from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|firm|alt=Firm]], [[m|en|solid]], hard.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # Tough, robust; stout.^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(figurative)'' Stubborn; hard, cruel.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of money: standard, of full value.^(Wiktionary)^(Beekes 2010)

+ # ''(geometry)'' Solid; cubic.^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Barren.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[στερεότης|tr=stereótēs]]

+ * [[στερεόω|tr=stereóō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[στεῖρος|tr=steîros]]

+ * [[στερέω|tr=steréō]]

+ * [[στηρίζω|tr=stērízō]]

+ * [[en|stereo-]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}