κύκλος Ancient Greek · revision 15592

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *kʷékʷlos}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /ký.klos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈcy.klos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈcy.klos/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''κῠ́κλος''' (kúklos) ''m'' (genitive κῠ́κλου); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*kúklos]], [[inh|ine-pro|*kʷékʷlos|t=circle, wheel]], an old name of the wheel with intensive reduplication.^(Wiktionary)^(Beekes 2010) The reduplication vowel became /u/ next to the labiovelars.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Mycenaean probably had *ku-ko-ro.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Cognate with [[sa|चक्र|tr=cakrá|t=wheel]], [[ae|čaxra-|tr=čaxra-|t=wheel]], [[ang|hwēol|t=wheel]] and [[xto|kukäl|t=wagon]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) The Phrygian gloss [[m|xpg|κίκλην|tr=kíklēn]] “the Bear (constellation)” is related, originally “wagon”.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer uses the neuter plural κύκλα for the wheels of a chariot (''Iliad'' 5.722), and κύκλος for the circle of hunters round their game (''Odyssey'' 4.792) and for the concentric circles of bronze on a shield (''Iliad'' 11.33).^(GLAUx)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Classical Greek used it for any circle or circular figure (Herodotus, Aristophanes, Plato), for circular objects and areas, a ring of people, a circular motion, and a cycle of things recurring.^(CGL 2021) Aeschylus uses it for a round shield.^(LSJ 1940) It also meant a crowd, a marketplace, and a sphere or globe.^(Wiktionary) A sequence of poems was also a “cycle”.^(CGL 2021)

+

+ Latin borrowed it as [[m|la|cyclus]].^(Wiktionary) Modern Greek ''κύκλος'' continues the ancient word; its sense “cycle” is a learned semantic loan from French and English ''cycle''.^(Triantafyllidis 1998) The American name ''Ku Klux Klan'' (1867) was supposedly made from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' uses κύκλα for chariot wheels.^(GLAUx)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * Homer – The ''Odyssey'' uses it for a circle of hunters.^(LSJ 1940)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus uses it for a circle.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Plato uses it for a circular figure.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 1867 – The name Ku Klux Klan is formed.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|circle]], ring.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # A [[m|en|wheel]]; any round object, a round shield.^(LSJ 1940)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A ring of people; a crowd; a marketplace.^(CGL 2021)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A circular area; a city wall.^(CGL 2021)^(Beekes 2010)

+ # A circular motion; a [[m|en|cycle]] of events.^(CGL 2021)

+ # A sequence of poems, a cycle.^(CGL 2021)

+ # A sphere, globe.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[εὔκυκλος|tr=eúkuklos]]

+ * [[τετράκυκλος|tr=tetrákuklos]]

+ * [[ὑπόκυκλος|tr=hupókuklos]]

+ * [[ἡμικύκλιος|tr=hēmikúklios]]

+ * [[παράκυκλος|tr=parákuklos]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|cyclus]]

+ * [[en|wheel]]

+ * [[en|cycle]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}