ἥλιος Ancient Greek · revision 15589

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *sóh₂wl̥}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /hɛ̌ː.li.os/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈi.li.os/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈi.li.os/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''ἥλῐος''' (hḗlios) ''m'' (genitive ἡλῐ́ου); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*hāwélios]], [[inh|ine-pro|*sóh₂wl̥|t=sun]], through a derived form [[m|ine-pro|*sāwélios]].^(Wiktionary) The Cretan form [[m|grc|ἀβέλιος|tr=abélios]] in Hesychius, that is [[m|grc|ἀϝέλιος|tr=awélios]], points to an original [[m|grc|*σαϝέλιος|tr=*sāwélios]], which differs only in vowel grade from [[sa|सूर्य|tr=sū́rya|t=sun]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Both languages built it on an /l/-stem with a personifying suffix *-yo-.^(Beekes 2010) Epic has [[m|grc|ἠέλιος|tr=ēélios]], Doric, Aeolic and Arcadian [[m|grc|ἀέλιος|tr=aélios]].^(Beekes 2010)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ Cognate with [[la|sōl|t=sun]], [[lt|sáulė|t=sun]], [[cy|haul|t=sun]], [[got|𐍃𐌰𐌿𐌹𐌻|tr=sauil|t=sun]] and [[cu|слъньце|tr=slŭnĭce|t=sun]]; the old heteroclite noun with /n/ survives in [[ae|huuarə|tr=huuarə|t=sun]] and in [[m|got|𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌽𐍉|tr=sunnō|t=sun]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer uses the form ἠέλιος, as in the first book of the ''Iliad'' (1.475), and the ''Odyssey'' opens with the cattle of Helios, the Sun (1.8).^(GLAUx)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Homer to “see the light of the sun” is to be alive, and the sun's rising and setting mark east and west.^(CGL 2021) It also meant sunlight and sunshine, the day, and the east.^(CGL 2021)^(Wiktionary) The Sun was a god, whose daughters were the [[Ἡλιάδες|tr=Hēliádes]] (Parmenides, Apollonius of Rhodes).^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ Compounds named plants and animals after it, such as [[ἡλιοτρόπιον|tr=hēliotrópion]].^(Beekes 2010) Medieval and Modern Greek ''ήλιος'' continues it, and ''ήλιος'' also names the sunflower, which resembles the sun and turns towards it.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'' use it for the sun.^(GLAUx)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * Before the 6th century BC – Hesiod uses ἠέλιος.^(LSJ 1940)^(GLAUx)

+ * 6th–5th century BC – Pindar uses the Doric ἀέλιος.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 5th century BC – Sophocles and Euripides use ἅλιος in lyric passages.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * Modern Greek – ''ήλιος'' means sun and sunflower.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The [[m|en|sun]].^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # Sunlight, [[m|en|sunshine]].^(CGL 2021)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The day.^(Wiktionary)

+ # The east.^(Wiktionary)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ===Proper noun===

+ # Helios, the Sun god.^(Beekes 2010)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ἀνήλιος|tr=anḗlios]]

+ * [[ἀντήλιος|tr=antḗlios]]

+ * [[ἀπηλιώτης|tr=apēliṓtēs]]

+ * [[δυσήλιος|tr=dusḗlios]]

+ * [[εὐήλιος|tr=euḗlios]]

+ * [[ἡλιακός|tr=hēliakós]]

+ * [[ἡλίασις|tr=hēlíasis]]

+ * [[ἡλιοειδής|tr=hēlioeidḗs]]

+ * [[ἡλιόομαι|tr=hēlióomai]]

+ * [[ἡλιοτρόπιον|tr=hēliotrópion]]

+ * [[ἡλιῶτις|tr=hēliôtis]]

+ * [[προσήλιος|tr=prosḗlios]]

+ * [[ἀνθήλιος|tr=anthḗlios]]

+ * [[ἀφηλιώτης|tr=aphēliṓtēs]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|sōl]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}