φίλος Ancient Greek · revision 15585

+ {{infobox|confidence=unknown|attested=Homer, Iliad}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /pʰí.los/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈɸi.los/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈfi.los/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''φῐ́λος''' (phílos) ''m'' (feminine φῐ́λη, neuter φῐ́λον); first/second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The etymology is unknown.^(Beekes 2010) Beekes argues that its original meaning was “own, belonging to one” rather than “beloved”, and so rejects the connection with a Celtic and Germanic adjective for “fitting, good”, [[sga|bil|t=good]] and [[goh|billīh]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary gives that connection, from [[m|ine-pro|*bʰil-o-s]].^(Wiktionary) If Indo-European, it would be an /l/-derivative of an unknown base, according to Frisk.^(Frisk 1960) The Linear B name [[gmy|pi-ra-me-no]] may be /phīlamenos/.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer uses it from the first book of the ''Iliad'' (1.20) for what is dear or one's own: “dear child”, and as a possessive with the parts of one's body and one's clothing.^(GLAUx)^(Beekes 2010)^(LSJ 1940) The plural meant kinsmen.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ As an adjective it is beloved, dear, of a spouse, friend or relative, often in address, and dear to the gods.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940) As a noun it is a friend; in Hellenistic courts “friend of the king” was a title of high officials, and the New Testament speaks of a “friend of Caesar”.^(Wiktionary)^(Spicq 1994)

+

+ It is very common in compounds, such as [[φιλόφρων|tr=philóphrōn]] “kindly” (Pindar) and the Homeric [[φιλομμειδής|tr=philommeidḗs]] “laughter-loving”; early in the epic tradition the first part was reinterpreted as “loving”, as in [[φιλόξεινος|tr=philóxeinos]].^(Beekes 2010) Modern Greek ''φίλος'' “friend” and ''φίλη'' continue it.^(Triantafyllidis 1998) Mariupol Greek has ''фи́лос''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' uses it for one's own and for the dear.^(GLAUx)^(Beekes 2010)

+ * 6th–5th century BC – Pindar has φιλόφρων.^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE)

+ * Hellenistic – “Friend of the king” is a court title.^(Spicq 1994)

+ * Modern Greek – ''φίλος'' means friend.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[m|en|beloved|alt=Beloved]], [[m|en|dear]].^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(Homer)'' One's own (of kin, body parts, clothing).^(Beekes 2010)

+ # Friendly.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|friend]].^(Wiktionary)^(Beekes 2010)

+ # ''(plural, epic)'' Kinsmen, relatives.^(Beekes 2010)

+ # ''(Hellenistic)'' A friend of the king, a court title.^(Spicq 1994)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[φιλέω|tr=philéō]]

+ * [[φιλότης|tr=philótēs]]

+ * [[φιλῳδός|tr=philōidós]]

+ * [[φίλως|tr=phílōs]]

+ * [[ἀρηΐφιλος|tr=arēḯphilos]]

+ * [[φιλο-|tr=philo-]]

+ * [[φιλότιμος|tr=philótīmos]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[φιλία|tr=philíā]]

+ * [[φῖλος|tr=phîlos]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}