χρόνος Ancient Greek · revision 15578

+ {{infobox|confidence=unknown|attested=Homer, Iliad}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /kʰró.nos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈxro.nos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈxro.nos/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''χρόνος''' (khrónos) ''m'' (genitive χρόνου); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The etymology is unknown.^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary) On the model of [[m|grc|κλόνος|tr=klónos]] and [[m|grc|θρόνος|tr=thrónos]], it has been analysed as [[m|ine-pro|*ǵʰr-ono-]], from a root “to seize, enclose” supposed also for [[m|grc|χόρτος|tr=khórtos]], with a first meaning “encompassing time-limit” or even “seizer”.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960)^(Πάπυρος) Beekes doubts that [[m|grc|κλόνος|tr=klónos]] and [[m|grc|θρόνος|tr=thrónos]] can be analysed so.^(Beekes 2010) Another theory connects it with [[m|grc|κορμός|tr=kormós]], from [[ine-pro|*(s)ker-|t=to cut off]].^(Wiktionary) The other Greek words for time are [[καιρός|tr=kairós]], also of unclear origin, and the inherited [[αἰών|tr=aiṓn]].^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer uses it from the ''Iliad'' (2.299) for a period or length of time.^(GLAUx)^(CGL 2021)^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From elegy, lyric and Herodotus on it is time in the abstract, “that which passes”, and Solon, the lyric poets and the tragedians personify Time as an agent of change and even a primordial god.^(CGL 2021) Pindar says that not even Time could undo what has been done.^(LSJ 1940) It was a lifetime, a specific moment, and a delay (Demosthenes, Menander), and Demosthenes distinguishes it from [[καιρός|tr=kairós]], the right moment.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940) Grammarians used it for the tense of a verb.^(Wiktionary) From the 3rd–4th century AD the plural meant “years”.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ Its compounds include [[χρονογράφος|tr=khronográphos]] “chronicler” (Strabo) and [[σύγχρονος|tr=súnkhronos]] “contemporary”.^(Beekes 2010) Modern Greek ''χρόνος'' continues it, and ''χρονιά'' “year” comes from it.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(IE-CoR) English ''chrono-'' comes from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' uses it for a period of time.^(GLAUx)^(CGL 2021)

+ * 7th–6th century BC – Solon personifies Time.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 6th–5th century BC – Pindar says Time cannot undo what is done.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 4th century BC – Demosthenes distinguishes it from καιρός.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 3rd–4th century AD – The plural means years.^(Beekes 2010)

+ * Modern Greek – ''χρονιά'' “year” is derived from it.^(IE-CoR)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|time|alt=Time]], the passing of time.^(CGL 2021)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A period, length of time; a lifetime.^(CGL 2021)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A specific time, moment.^(CGL 2021)

+ # A delay.^(CGL 2021)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(grammar)'' A [[m|en|tense]].^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(plural, late)'' Years.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ===Proper noun===

+ # Time personified.^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[χρόνιος|tr=khrónios]]

+ * [[ἄχρονος|tr=ákhronos]]

+ * [[βαιόχρονος|tr=baiókhronos]]

+ * [[πεντάχρονος|tr=pentákhronos]]

+ * [[πολυχρονικός|tr=polukhronikós]]

+ * [[πρόχρονος|tr=prókhronos]]

+ * [[σύγχρονος|tr=súnkhronos]]

+ * [[ὑπόχρονος|tr=hupókhronos]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|chronic]]

+ * [[en|chrono-]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}