φόβος Ancient Greek · revision 15572

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *bʰegʷ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /pʰó.bos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈɸo.βos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈfo.vos/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''φόβος''' (phóbos) ''m'' (genitive φόβου); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*pʰógʷos]], [[inh|ine-pro|*bʰógʷos]], from [[m|ine-pro|*bʰegʷ-|t=to run, flee]].^(Wiktionary) It has the /o/ grade of [[m|grc|φέβομαι|tr=phébomai|t=to flee]].^(Πάπυρος)^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) Etymonline compares [[lt|bėgti|t=to flee]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In Homer it is panic flight, the usual sense in the ''Iliad'' (2.767), and once in the ''Odyssey'' (24.57).^(LSJ 1940)^(GLAUx) Etymonline notes that “flight” is still its only sense in Homer.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the ''Iliad'' it is also the routing of troops, and personified as Phobos, son of Ares, it appears in the ''Iliad'' and in Hesiod's ''Theogony''.^(CGL 2021)^(GLAUx) From panic in battle (Tyrtaeus, Aeschylus, Pindar, Herodotus) it became the general word for fear, felt by persons, animals and communities (Archilochus, Herodotus, tragedy).^(CGL 2021)^(Etymonline) It also meant awe or reverence, and something that causes fear.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Modern Greek ''φόβος'' “fear” continues it, and Mariupol Greek has ''фо́вус''.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)^(Wiktionary) English ''phobia'' (1786) and ''-phobia'' come from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' uses it for panic flight.^(LSJ 1940)^(GLAUx)

+ * Before the 6th century BC – Hesiod names Phobos, son of Ares.^(CGL 2021)^(GLAUx)^(DGE)

+ * 7th century BC – Archilochus uses it for fear.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 1786 – English ''phobia'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+ * Modern Greek – ''φόβος'' means fear.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Panic flight; a rout.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # [[m|en|fear|alt=Fear]], [[m|en|terror]], panic.^(CGL 2021)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|awe|alt=Awe]], reverence.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Something that causes fear.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Proper noun===

+ # Phobos, Rout, son of Ares.^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|phobia]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}