θρίαμβος Ancient Greek · revision 15565

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=borrowing|attested=5th century BC, Cratinus|origins=qfa-sub-grc}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /tʰrí.am.bos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈθri.am.bos/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈθri.am.bos/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''θρῐ́ᾰμβος''' (thríambos) ''m'' (genitive θρῐᾰ́μβου); second declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed like [[m|grc|διθύραμβος|tr=dīthúrambos]] and [[m|grc|ἴαμβος|tr=íambos]] and, like them, is probably Pre-Greek, [[der|qfa-sub-grc|-]]: Beekes points to the sequence ⟨ια⟩ and the suffix [[m|grc|-αμβος|tr=-ambos]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Beekes 2014) Scarborough's database rates this very reliable.^(PHILOGLOSSA) The old connection with the numeral “three”, as a “triple step”, is impossible according to Beekes.^(Beekes 2010) Sturtevant derived it from [[m|grc|θριάζω|tr=thriázō]] under the influence of [[m|grc|ἴαμβος|tr=íambos]].^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) Wiktionary also mentions a possible Phrygian or Illyrian source and a link with [[m|grc|θρῖον|tr=thrîon|t=fig leaf]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first recorded use is in Cratinus (5th century BC), for a hymn sung in processions in honour of Dionysus.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Tragedy, Pratinas and later writers (Diodorus, Athenaeus, Plutarch, Arrian) use it as an epithet of Dionysus himself.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021) Latin borrowed it, through Etruscan, as [[m|la|triumphus]], the triumph of a victorious general.^(LSJ 1940)^(Etymonline)^(Saalfeld 1874) From Polybius on Greek used θρίαμβος in turn to render the Roman triumph.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940) Plutarch distinguishes the great triumph from the lesser one, the ovation, and Polybius also uses it for a Carthaginian victory procession.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ Its derivative [[θριαμβεύω|tr=thriambeúō]] renders Latin ''triumphāre''.^(Beekes 2010) Modern Greek ''θρίαμβος'' “triumph” is a learned word whose meaning goes back to the Hellenistic rendering of the Latin word.^(Triantafyllidis 1998) English ''triumph'' (late 14th century) and ''trump'' (1520s) come from the Latin word.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 5th century BC – Cratinus uses it for a hymn to Dionysus.^(LSJ 1940)^(Beekes 2010)

+ * 2nd century BC – Polybius uses it for the Roman triumph.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 1st–2nd century AD – Plutarch distinguishes the triumph from the ovation.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * Late 14th century – English borrows ''triumph'' from Latin and French.^(Etymonline)

+ * Modern Greek – ''θρίαμβος'' means triumph.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A hymn to Dionysus sung in festal processions.^(LSJ 1940)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An epithet of Dionysus.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # The Roman [[m|en|triumph]]; a victory procession.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A scandal.^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|triumphus]]

+ * [[en|triumph]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}