κρίνω Ancient Greek · revision 15553

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *krey-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /krǐː.nɔː/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈkri.no/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈkri.no/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''κρῑ́νω''' (krī́nō) ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*kríňňō]], [[inh|ine-pro|*kri-n-yé-ti]], from [[m|ine-pro|*krey-|t=to sift, separate]].^(Wiktionary)^(LIV 2001) The nasal present has exact counterparts in [[la|cernō|t=to sift, distinguish]] and [[cy|gogrynu|t=to sift]], and the verbal adjective [[m|grc|κριτός|tr=kritós]] matches Latin [[m|la|certus|t=decided, certain]].^(Frisk 1960)^(LIV 2001)^(Πάπυρος) The long /ī/ of the present arose by compensatory lengthening when the double consonant was simplified;^(Wiktionary) Aeolic kept [[m|grc|κρίννω|tr=krínnō]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer uses it for picking out: “he picked out twenty rowers” (''Iliad'' 1.309).^(LSJ 1940)^(GLAUx) In the ''Iliad'' Demeter separates grain from chaff, a commander divides his troops, and judges give “crooked judgements” (16.387).^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its senses run from separating and distinguishing (the true from the false, good men from bad: Simonides, Plato, Xenophon) to choosing, deciding the outcome of a fight, and settling disputes.^(CGL 2021) The ''Odyssey'' uses it for deciding quarrels, and Herodotus and Aeschylus for judging cases.^(LSJ 1940) In Classical Greek it also meant to judge or form an opinion, to give legal judgement, to condemn and to bring to trial, and to interrogate.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ Modern Greek ''κρίνω'' continues the ancient verb.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' uses it for picking out, separating and judging.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ * Before the 6th century BC – Hesiod uses it for distinguishing truth.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 5th century BC – Herodotus uses it for judging cases.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Plato uses it for distinguishing good from bad.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * Modern Greek – ''κρίνω'' continues the ancient verb.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|separate]], part; to [[m|en|distinguish]].^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # To pick out, [[m|en|choose]].^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # To decide (a contest or dispute).^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # To [[m|en|judge]], form an opinion.^(CGL 2021)

+ # ''(law)'' To give judgement; to condemn; to bring to trial.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # To question, interrogate.^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[κρίμα|tr=kríma]]

+ * [[κρίσις|tr=krísis]]

+ * [[κριτής|tr=kritḗs]]

+ * [[κριτός|tr=kritós]]

+ * [[ἀνακρίνω|tr=anakrī́nō]]

+ * [[ἀποκρίνω|tr=apokrī́nō]]

+ * [[διακρίνω|tr=diakrī́nō]]

+ * [[ἐγκρίνω|tr=enkrínō]]

+ * [[κατακρίνω|tr=katakrī́nō]]

+ * [[συγκρίνω|tr=sunkrínō]]

+ * [[ὑποκρίνομαι|tr=hupokrī́nomai]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|cernō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}