φέρω Ancient Greek · revision 15543

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Mycenaean (Linear B)|origins=ine-pro *bʰer-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /pʰé.rɔː/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈɸe.ro/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈfe.ro/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''φέρω''' (phérō) ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*pʰérō]], [[inh|ine-pro|*bʰéreti]], from [[m|ine-pro|*bʰer-|t=to carry]], the old verb for “carry” kept in almost every Indo-European language.^(Wiktionary)^(Frisk 1960)^(IE-CoR) Mycenaean has [[gmy|pe-re]], “carries”.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) The athematic imperative [[m|grc|φέρτε|tr=phérte]] of Iliad 9.171 matches [[la|ferte|t=carry!]] exactly.^(Frisk 1960)

+

+ Cognate with [[la|ferō|t=to carry]], [[got|𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽|tr=bairan|t=to carry; to bear (a child)]], [[xcl|բերեմ|tr=berem|t=I carry]], [[sa|भरति|tr=bhárati|t=carries]], [[cu|берѫ|tr=berǫ|t=I gather]] and [[ang|beran|t=to bear]].^(Frisk 1960)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Only the present and imperfect are from this root.^(Beekes 2010) The future [[m|grc|οἴσω|tr=oísō]] comes from [[m|ine-pro|*h₃eyt-|t=to fetch]], and the aorist [[m|grc|ἤνεγκα|tr=ḗnenka]] from a reduplicated aorist of [[m|ine-pro|*h₁neḱ-|t=to take away]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Mycenaean tablets have [[gmy|pe-re]].^(Beekes 2010) Homer uses it from the first book of the ''Iliad'' (1.13) for carrying and bringing.^(GLAUx)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its senses cover carrying, bearing and enduring, carrying off as plunder, bringing, providing, producing, reaching and extending, and, in the middle and passive, moving along.^(Beekes 2010)^(Frisk 1960) It is extremely common with one or two prefixes ([[ἀναφέρω|tr=anaphérō]], [[διαφέρω|tr=diaphérō]], [[εἰσφέρω|tr=eisphérō]]...).^(Beekes 2010) Hesiod calls the snail [[φερέοικος|tr=pheréoikos]], “house-carrier”, and the /o/-grade nouns [[φόρος|tr=phóros]] “tribute” and the compounds in [[-φόρος|tr=-phóros]] “-bearing” belong to it.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ In Modern Greek the everyday verb is ''φέρνω'';^(Wiktionary) ''φέρω'' is learned, with some senses taken from French ''porter'' and English ''be reported''.^(Wiktionary)^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Mycenaean – Linear B has pe-re.^(Beekes 2010)

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' uses it for carrying and bringing.^(GLAUx)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * Before the 6th century BC – Hesiod calls the snail “house-carrier”.^(Beekes 2010)^(DGE)

+ * 5th century BC – A Locrian inscription has the form φάρω.^(LSJ 1940)

+ * Modern Greek – ''φέρνω'' is the everyday verb.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|carry]], [[m|en|bear]], bring.^(Beekes 2010)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To bear, [[m|en|endure]].^(Beekes 2010)

+ # To carry off (as plunder).^(Beekes 2010)

+ # To bring, provide, produce.^(Beekes 2010)

+ # To reach, extend.^(Beekes 2010)

+ # ''(middle and passive)'' To move along, be carried.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[la|ferō]]

+ * [[en|bear]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}