βάλλω Ancient Greek · revision 15521

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=Homer, Iliad|origins=ine-pro *gʷelh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /bál.lɔː/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈβal.lo/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈval.lo/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''βᾰ́λλω''' (bállō) ^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*gʷəlnō]], [[inh|ine-pro|*gʷl̥-ne-h₁-]], a nasal present of [[m|ine-pro|*gʷelh₁-|t=to hit by throwing]].^(Wiktionary)^(LIV 2001) The double /ll/ is explained either from a /y/-present or, perhaps better, from an older athematic nasal present.^(Frisk 1960)^(Πάπυρος) Arcadian [[m|grc|δέλλω|tr=déllō]] (also [[m|grc|ζέλλω|tr=zéllō]]) shows another vowel grade and the old labiovelar.^(Frisk 1960)^(Beekes 2010) The perfect [[m|grc|βέβληκα|tr=béblēka]] and [[m|grc|βέλεμνον|tr=bélemnon|t=dart]] belong to the same root.^(Beekes 2010)^(LIV 2001)

+

+ Its cognates are uncertain: the LIV compares [[sga|at·baill|t=dies]], and the DGE adds [[txb|klā-|t=to fall]] for the long-vowel stem.^(LIV 2001)^(DGE)^(Wiktionary) The similar [[en|ball]] is unrelated.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Homer uses it from the first book of the ''Iliad'' (1.52) for shooting arrows and hurling spears and stones, and for hitting a target with them.^(GLAUx)^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The original sense was probably “to reach, hit by throwing”.^(Beekes 2010) From throwing and hitting it spread to every kind of putting: setting something in a place, casting dice or lots, dropping anchor, laying a foundation, putting a thought into someone's mind.^(CGL 2021) Many compounds ([[ἀναβάλλω|tr=anabállō]], [[ἀποβάλλω|tr=apobállō]], [[ἐκβάλλω|tr=ekbállō]], [[ἐμβάλλω|tr=embállō]]...) and nouns ([[βολή|tr=bolḗ]], [[βέλος|tr=bélos]], [[βλῆμα|tr=blêma]]) were formed from it.^(Beekes 2010)

+

+ The New Testament uses it for casting lots, throwing into prison and putting wine into wineskins.^(CGL 2021)^(BDAG 2000) In Modern Greek ''βάλλω'' is a learned word for firing a weapon and for attacking someone with criticism.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Homer – The ''Iliad'' uses it for throwing and hitting.^(Cunliffe 1924)^(LSJ 1940)

+ * Before the 6th century BC – Hesiod uses the middle for setting a plough to oxen.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 5th century BC – Aeschylus and Euripides use it for casting dice.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 1st century AD – The New Testament uses it for casting lots and throwing into prison.^(CGL 2021)^(BDAG 2000)

+ * Modern Greek – ''βάλλω'' means to fire and to attack.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|throw]], cast, fling.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # To throw or shoot (a missile); to [[m|en|hit]], strike (with a missile or blow).^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940)

+ # To cast (dice, lots); to drop (anchor).^(CGL 2021)

+ # To throw out or into a place; to [[m|en|banish]].^(CGL 2021)

+ # To put, place, set; to lay (a foundation).^(CGL 2021)

+ # To put (a thought) into the mind.^(CGL 2021)

+ # To let fall, throw away.^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ἀμφιβάλλω|tr=amphibállō]]

+ * [[ἀναβάλλω|tr=anabállō]]

+ * [[ἀντιβάλλω|tr=antibállō]]

+ * [[ἀποβάλλω|tr=apobállō]]

+ * [[βέλεμνον|tr=bélemnon]]

+ * [[βελόνη|tr=belónē]]

+ * [[βέλος|tr=bélos]]

+ * [[βλῆμα|tr=blêma]]

+ * [[βόλος|tr=bólos]]

+ * [[διαβάλλω|tr=diabállō]]

+ * [[διάβολος|tr=diábolos]]

+ * [[εἰσβάλλω|tr=eisbállō]]

+ * [[ἑκατηβόλος|tr=hekatēbólos]]

+ * [[ἐκβάλλω|tr=ekbállō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}