σχῆμα Ancient Greek · revision 15473

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=7th century BC, Titanomachy|origins=ine-pro *seǵʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (5th-century BC Attic): /skʰɛ̂ː.ma/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (4th-century AD Koine): /ˈsçi.ma/^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (10th-century Byzantine): /ˈsçi.ma/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''σχῆμᾰ''' (skhêma) ''n'' (genitive σχήμᾰτος); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|grk-pro|*skʰḗmə]], [[inh|ine-pro|*sǵʰ-éh₁-mn̥]], formed from the zero grade of [[m|ine-pro|*seǵʰ-|t=to hold]].^(Wiktionary) Within Greek it corresponds to [[m|grc|ἔχω|tr=ékhō|t=to have, hold]] and its aorist [[m|grc|σχεῖν|tr=skheîn]] with the suffix [[m|grc|-μα|tr=-ma]].^(Wiktionary)^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Its first recorded use is in a fragment of the epic ''Titanomachy'' (7th century BC).^(GLAUx) Aeschylus speaks of “the figure and great form of Hippomedon” (''Seven against Thebes'' 488).^(LSJ 1940)^(GLAUx)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the 5th century BC it is form and shape (Euripides, Aristophanes, Plato), set by Plato against colour.^(CGL 2021)^(LSJ 1940) Of people it is appearance, bearing and mien (Herodotus, tragedy), and in Thucydides and Plato a mere show or pretence.^(CGL 2021) It also meant dignity and pomp, a manner or way, a character or persona, and a kind.^(Wiktionary) In the plural it was the figures of a dance, and it also meant a sketch or plan.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Latin borrowed it as [[m|la|schema]].^(Saalfeld 1874)^(Wiktionary) Medieval Latin schema “figure of speech; posture in dancing” gave English ''scheme'' in the 1550s, and the Kantian ''schema'' was taken directly from Greek in 1796.^(Etymonline) Modern Greek ''σχήμα'' “shape, form” is learned; its sense “format” is a semantic loan from Italian or German, and its sense “form” one from French.^(Triantafyllidis 1998)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 7th century BC – The ''Titanomachy'' uses it.^(GLAUx)

+ * 6th–5th century BC – Aeschylus uses it for a warrior's figure.^(LSJ 1940)^(DGE)

+ * 5th century BC – Thucydides uses it for a pretence.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 5th–4th century BC – Plato sets shape against colour.^(CGL 2021)^(DGE)

+ * 1550s – English borrows ''scheme'', a figure of speech.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Form, [[m|en|shape]], figure.^(LSJ 1940)^(CGL 2021)

+ # Appearance, [[m|en|bearing]], mien.^(CGL 2021)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Show, [[m|en|pretence]]; outward guise.^(CGL 2021)

+ # Dignity, pomp.^(Wiktionary)

+ # Fashion, manner, way; a character, persona.^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(plural)'' Figures of a dance.^(Wiktionary)

+ # A sketch, outline, plan.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ἀσχήμων|tr=askhḗmōn]]

+ * [[la|schema]]

+ * [[en|scheme]]

+ * [[en|schema]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}