hardy English · revision 15394

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1200}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈhɑːdi/ ''(UK)''; /ˈhɑɹdi/ ''(US)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|hardi]], [[bor|fro|hardi|t=bold, brave; presumptuous]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) the past participle of [[m|fro|hardir|t=to harden, become bold]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) from [[frk|*hardjan|t=to make hard]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) compare [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=gahardjan]] and [[goh|herten]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) from [[gem-pro|*harduz]] (see [[hard]]).^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) Its sense was influenced by English hard.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Bold, daring, especially in battle: probably before 1200, in the ''Ancrene Riwle'', in Barnhart, about 1200 in Etymonline;^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) earlier in a surname, Stonhardi (1194).^(Barnhart 1988) Presumptuously bold, audacious, is from before 1225.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Strong and enduring is from about 1381,^(OED 1989) or before 1398 in Barnhart,^(Barnhart 1988) and able to endure hardship and bad weather from 1548.^(OED 1989)^(Hoad 1986) Of plants, able to grow outdoors all year round, it is from 1664 (the 1660s).^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) Hardihood is from 1634, in Milton's ''Comus''.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1194 – Stonhardi, a surname.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1200 – bold, daring.^(Etymonline)

+ * before 1398 – robust.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1548 – able to endure hardship.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1664 – of plants, hardy.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Able to endure difficult conditions; [[robust]], tough.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Of plants, able to survive outdoors through the winter.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Bold or courageous; sometimes rashly so.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hardily]]

+ * [[hardiness]]

+ * [[half-hardy]]

+ * [[hardihood]]

+ * [[overhardy]]

+ * [[semihardy]]

+ * [[winter-hardy]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[foolhardy]]

+ * [[hard]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ A hardy is also a square-shanked chisel that fits into a hole in an anvil.^(AHD)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}