horizontal English · revision 15267

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1555|origins=grc ὁρίζω}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˌhɒɹɪˈzɒn.təl/ ''(UK)''; /ˌhoɹəˈzɑn.təl/, /ˌhoɹəˈzɒn.təl/ ''(US)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|horizontal]] or [[la-new|horizontālis]],^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002)^(NODE 1998) from [[la-lat|horizōn]] (stem horizont-; see [[horizon]]),^(NODE 1998)^(MWU 2024) from [[grc|ὁρίζων|tr=horízōn|t=bounding (circle)]], from [[m|grc|ὁρίζω|tr=horízō|t=to bound, limit]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Relating to or near the horizon: 1555 in the OED and Merriam-Webster, the 1550s in Etymonline.^(OED 1989)^(MWU 2024)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The common sense, parallel to the plane of the horizon, flat, is from 1638 (the 1630s in Etymonline).^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) A sense of uniform, chiefly American, is recorded from 1842,^(OED 1989) and in economics horizontal combination or integration, between firms at the same stage of production, from 1927.^(OED 1989) The sense of being at the same level of a hierarchy is in the AHD.^(AHD)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1555 – relating to the horizon.^(OED 1989)^(MWU 2024)

+ * 1638 – parallel to the horizon.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1842 – uniform (US).^(OED 1989)

+ * 1927 – horizontal integration.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[parallel|alt=Parallel]] to the plane of the [[horizon]]; level, flat; at right angles to the [[vertical]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Relating to or near the horizon.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # At the same level of a [[hierarchy]], or applied equally to all members of a group.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # A horizontal line, plane or object.^(AHD)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[horizontally]]

+ * [[horizontality]]

+ * [[unhorizontal]]

+ * [[subhorizontal]]

+ * [[horizontal bar]]

+ * [[horizontal stabilizer]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[horizon]]

+ * [[vertical]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}