adverse English · revision 15241

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1374|origins=la vertō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈæd.və(ɹ)s/, /ədˈvɜ(ɹ)s/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|advers]], [[bor|fro|advers]] (earlier avers),^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986) refashioned after [[la|adversus|t=turned against, facing; hostile]],^(Hoad 1986)^(Etymonline) the past participle of [[m|la|advertō|t=to turn toward]],^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) from [[m|la|ad|t=to]] and [[m|la|vertō|t=to turn]].^(Etymonline)^(NODE 1998) Compare [[averse]].^(NODE 1998)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Contrary, opposing: the late 14th century in Etymonline, about 1385 in Barnhart (Chaucer's ''Troilus and Criseyde'');^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) the OED's first quotation, for unfavourable or hurtful, is from about 1374.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Acting against, antagonistic is from about 1440,^(OED 1989) and opposite in position from 1623.^(OED 1989) The Old French word also meant unfriendly or foreign, as in ''gent avers'', an infidel race.^(Etymonline) A verb adverse, to oppose, was used from 1393.^(OED 1989) The noun [[adversity]] is much older, from before 1200.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * before 1200 – adversity.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1374 – unfavourable.^(OED 1989)

+ * c. 1440 – acting against.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1623 – opposite in position.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # [[harmful|alt=Harmful]] or [[unfavourable]]; contrary to one's interests: ''adverse circumstances''.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Acting against; [[hostile]], [[antagonistic]]: ''adverse criticism''.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Moving in the opposite direction: ''adverse winds''.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[adversely]]

+ * [[adverseness]]

+ * [[adverse selection]]

+ * [[adverse possession]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[adversary]]

+ * [[adversative]]

+ * [[adversity]]

+ * [[versus]]

+ * [[averse]]

+ * [[advert]]

+ * [[verse]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Adverse is often confused with [[averse]]; adverse usually describes things, unwilling or disliking describes averse people.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}