grind English · revision 15158

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 725|origins=ine-pro *ghrendh-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɡraɪnd/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|enm|grinden]], [[inh|ang|grindan|t=to rub together, crush into powder]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986)^(MWU 2024) from [[gem-pro|*grindanan]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) related to [[dum|grinde|t=thick sand, scab]], [[goh|grint|t=scab, scurf]] and [[non|grandi|t=sandbar]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(MWU 2024) and ultimately from [[ine-pro|*ghrendh-|t=to grind]], the source of [[la|frendō|t=to gnash the teeth]] and [[lt|gręsti|t=to scrape]].^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986)^(Barnhart 1988) Hoad notes no Germanic cognates of the verb itself.^(Hoad 1986) Most other Germanic languages use a verb related to [[m|la|molō|t=to grind]], such as [[nl|malen]] and [[de|mahlen]].^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ To crush into bits or powder: about 1000; earlier Old English had [[m|ang|forgrindan|t=to destroy by crushing]], about 725.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ To make smooth or sharp by friction is from about 1300,^(Etymonline) and to work laboriously from the 18th century.^(Hoad 1986) The noun, the act of grinding, is from about 1200.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) Steady, hard, tedious work was first college slang, in 1851,^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) and a hard-working student was a grind in American slang from 1864.^(Etymonline) The size of the particles, as of ground coffee, is from 1922.^(OED 1989) A slang sense, sexual intercourse, is by 1893.^(Etymonline) Grindstone is from the 13th century.^(Hoad 1986)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 725 – forgrindan, to destroy by crushing.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1000 – to grind.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1200 – a grind (noun).^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline)

+ * c. 1300 – to sharpen by friction.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1851 – hard, tedious work.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989)

+ * 1864 – a hard-working student (US).^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To crush into small particles or powder by pounding or rubbing.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To smooth, sharpen or polish by friction.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To rub together harshly; to [[gnash]]: ''to grind one's teeth''.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To oppress or crush, often with ''down''.^(AHD)

+ # To move with a noisy grating friction.^(AHD)

+ # To study or work hard.^(AHD)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # The act or noise of grinding.^(AHD)

+ # The degree to which something is ground, as coffee.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # A hard, tedious task or routine.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+ # ''(US)'' A student who works excessively.^(AHD)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[grindingly]]

+ * [[grindable]]

+ * [[grindability]]

+ * [[grindery]]

+ * [[grindstone]]

+ * [[regrind]]

+ * [[grind out]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ground]]

+ * [[grist]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Grind, a gate of horizontal bars in Shetland and Orkney (1615), is a separate Scandinavian word, akin to [[non|grind|t=gate, lattice door]].^(OED 1989)^(Wright 1898)^(MWU 2024)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}