typhoid English · revision 1507

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1800}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈtaɪ.fɔɪd/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is formed from [[typhus]] and the suffix [[-oid|t=like]],^(AHD)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(RHWU) from [[grc|-οειδής|tr=-oeidḗs|t=like]].^(Klein 1966) ''Typhus'' is a New Latin adaptation of [[grc|τῦφος|tr=tûphos|t=smoke, vapour; stupor from fever]].^(Partridge 1966)^(Weekley 1921)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ As an adjective, resembling typhus, used of fevers marked by delirious stupor (1800 in the OED, Barnhart, Etymonline and Merriam-Webster).^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Typhoid fever'' (1845) was named for a disease with intestinal inflammation that was formerly thought to be a variety of typhus;^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline) researchers confirmed it as a different disease about 1880.^(Etymonline) The noun ''typhoid'' is a shortening of ''typhoid fever'', recorded from 1861.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate) Typhus is caused by ''Rickettsia'' bacteria and spread by fleas and other vermin, while typhoid is caused by ''Salmonella'' bacteria and spread through human waste.^(Etymonline) ''Typhoid Mary'', the nickname of Mary Mallon, a cook who spread typhoid in the United States, dates from 1909 and is used of anyone who spreads disease or harm.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1800 – adjective, resembling typhus.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1995)^(MW Collegiate)

+ * 1845 – ''typhoid fever''.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1995)

+ * 1861 – noun, typhoid fever.^(Barnhart 1995)^(Etymonline)^(MW Collegiate)

+ * 1909 – ''Typhoid Mary''.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[typhoid fever|alt=Typhoid fever]], an infectious, often fatal disease caused by a ''[[Salmonella]]'' bacterium in food or water, marked by fever and intestinal inflammation.^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Collins 2023)

+ # A disease of domestic animals resembling human typhus or typhoid.^(MW Collegiate)^(MWU 2024)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of, relating to or resembling typhoid fever or [[typhus]].^(AHD)^(MW Collegiate)^(RHWU)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[antityphoid]]

+ * [[posttyphoid]]

+ * [[pretyphoid]]

+ * [[typhoidin]]

+ * [[typhoidal]]

+ * [[paratyphoid]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[typhus]]

+ * [[typhoid fever]]

+ * [[fume]]

+ * [[-oid]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}