frustration English · revision 10735

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1555|origins=la frustratio}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /frʌsˈtreɪ.ʃən/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|frūstrātiō|t=a deception, a disappointment]],^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024)^(NODE 1998) a noun from frūstrārī, to deceive, disappoint, make vain (see [[frustrate]]),^(Etymonline)^(NODE 1998) from frūstrā, in vain, related to fraus, harm (see [[fraud]]).^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The act of frustrating, disappointment, defeat: about 1555 in the OED and Merriam-Webster, the 1550s in Etymonline.^(OED 1989)^(MWU 2024)^(Etymonline) Middle English had it earlier in an obsolete sense, nullification (mid-15th century).^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The state of being frustrated, a feeling of annoyance at being blocked, became the main modern sense.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023) In psychology, frustration is both the blocking of a satisfying activity and the emotional reaction to it, which may involve aggression.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * mid-15th century – nullification (obsolete).^(Etymonline)

+ * c. 1555 – disappointment, defeat.^(OED 1989)^(MWU 2024)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Noun===

+ # The feeling of being upset or annoyed at being unable to do or achieve something.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # The act of frustrating, or something that frustrates.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # ''(psychology)'' The blocking of a satisfying activity, or the emotional reaction to it.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[nonfrustration]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[frustrate]]

+ * [[fraud]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}