borrow English · revision 10599

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 950|origins=ang borgian}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: UK /ˈbɒr.əʊ/, US /ˈbɑːr.oʊ/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|ang|borgian|t=to lend, be surety for]] (about 950),^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) from borg, a pledge or surety,^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) from [[m|gem-pro|*burg-|t=pledge]].^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) Cognates are Old High German borgēn, to take heed, give surety (German borgen) and Old Norse borga, to become bail for;^(Barnhart 1988)^(MWU 2024)^(Etymonline) it is related to Old English beorgan, to save, preserve (see [[bury]]),^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986)^(MWU 2024) from a root that Watkins gives as “to hide, protect”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In Old English the sense reversed to taking something on pledge or security, to return it later,^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) apparently from the idea of collateral left as security for a thing borrowed.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The figurative sense, to adopt or take over something from another, is from the early 13th century,^(Etymonline) and taking a unit from the next column in subtraction from the 1590s.^(Etymonline) ''Borrowed time'' is from 1848.^(Etymonline) The noun borrow, a pledge or surety, was in use from Old English until about 1600 and now survives only in historical use.^(OED 1989) ''Borrower'' is from before 1415.^(Barnhart 1988) Using borrow for lend is labelled not standard.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 950 – borgian.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * early 13th century – to adopt as one's own.^(Etymonline)

+ * before 1415 – borrower.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1590s – to borrow in subtraction.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1848 – borrowed time.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To take or receive something on [[loan]], meaning to give it back.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # To adopt and use an idea, word or method from another source.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # In [[subtraction]], to take a unit from the next higher place.^(AHD)

+ # ''(golf)'' To putt to one side of the direct line to allow for a slope.^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[borrower]]

+ * [[borrowable]]

+ * [[nonborrowing]]

+ * [[preborrowing]]

+ * [[unborrowing]]

+ * [[overborrow]]

+ * [[borrowed time]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[bury]]

+ * [[borough]]

+ * [[burrow]]

+ * [[harbor]]

+ * [[lend]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}