crude English · revision 10582

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1386|origins=la crudus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /kruːd/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|la|crūdus|t=raw, rough, bloody]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) from a suffixed form of an Indo-European root meaning raw flesh, also the source of [[raw]].^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986)^(MWU 2024) [[cruel]] comes from the same Latin root.^(Cresswell 2021)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In the natural or raw state, not changed by any process: about 1386 in the OED, about 1395 in Barnhart, in Chaucer.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of food in the stomach, undigested (1533), and of fruit, unripe (1555), are early senses now gone or archaic.^(OED 1989)^(Hoad 1986) Rough, lacking finish or skill, belongs to the 17th century,^(Hoad 1986) and lacking grace or refinement is first recorded in 1650, the 1640s in Etymonline.^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline) ''Crude oil'', natural mineral oil, is from 1865,^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline) and the noun crude for it from about 1904.^(MWU 2024) ''Crudity'' is probably from before 1325.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1386 – raw, unrefined.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1533 – undigested.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1555 – unripe.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1650 – lacking refinement.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1865 – crude oil.^(OED 1989)^(Etymonline)

+ * c. 1904 – crude (noun).^(MWU 2024)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # In a natural or unrefined state; [[raw]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Lacking tact, taste or refinement; [[vulgar]]: ''a crude joke''.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Roughly or simply made; lacking skill: ''a crude sketch''.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Of statistics, not analysed or adjusted.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[petroleum|alt=Petroleum]] or another substance in its unrefined state.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[crudely]]

+ * [[crudeness]]

+ * [[uncrude]]

+ * [[crude oil]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[crudity]]

+ * [[cruel]]

+ * [[cruelty]]

+ * [[raw]]

+ * [[crudités]]

+ * [[recrudescence]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}