martial English · revision 10257

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=c. 1374|origins=la martialis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈmɑːʃəl/ ''(UK)''; /ˈmɑɹʃəl/ ''(US)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is late Middle English marcial,^(Barnhart 1988) from Old French martial or directly [[bor|la|Mārtiālis|t=of Mars or war]],^(Barnhart 1988)^(Hoad 1986)^(NODE 1998) from Mārs, Mārtis, the Roman god of war (see [[Mars]]).^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)^(MWU 2024)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Of or relating to war or battle: about 1374 in the OED, about 1385 in Chaucer's ''Troilus and Criseyde'' in Barnhart.^(OED 1989)^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Sports and exercises that train for war are from 1412–20,^(OED 1989) and the sense connected with the army, as opposed to civil, from the late 15th century (1470), surviving in [[court-martial]].^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) Warlike, brave, given to fighting is from 1430–40.^(OED 1989) ''Martial law'', military rule over civilians, is first recorded in Sir Thomas More in 1533.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989) Martial music is from 1662,^(OED 1989) and ''martial arts'', the East Asian arts of combat, a 20th-century phrase.^(Barnhart 1988) With a capital, relating to the planet Mars, it is from the 1620s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1374 – of war.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1430–40 – warlike.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1470 – military.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1533 – martial law.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1620s – of the planet Mars.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Relating to or suggestive of [[war]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Relating to the armed forces or military life.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Characteristic of or befitting a [[warrior]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[martialism]]

+ * [[martialist]]

+ * [[martially]]

+ * [[martialness]]

+ * [[unmartial]]

+ * [[nonmartial]]

+ * [[martial art]]

+ * [[martial law]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Mars]]

+ * [[March]]

+ * [[Martian]]

+ * [[court-martial]]

+ * [[marshal]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}