hostile English · revision 10232

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1594|origins=frm hostile|origins=la hostilis|origins=ine-pro *gʰóstis}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ˈhɒstaɪl/, /ˈhɒstəl/ ''(UK)''; /ˈhɑstəl/, /ˈhɑstaɪl/ ''(US)''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|frm|hostile|t=of or belonging to an enemy]] or directly from Latin hostīlis,^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986) from hostis, earlier a stranger, foreigner, in classical use an enemy,^(Etymonline)^(MWU 2024) from PIE [[ine-pro|*gʰóstis|alt=*ghos-ti-|t=stranger, guest, host]] (see [[guest]], [[host]]).^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Of or belonging to an enemy; engaged in hostilities: 1594, in Shakespeare's ''Richard III'',^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989) though Merriam-Webster dates it to 1580 and Etymonline to the late 15th century.^(MWU 2024)^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Of the nature or disposition of an enemy, unfriendly, is from 1782,^(OED 1989) and unfriendly in feeling or character, adverse, from 1791;^(OED 1989) Hoad dates the sense unfriendly, inimical to the 18th century.^(Hoad 1986) The noun, a hostile person, is from 1838, in American English, a word of the Indian wars.^(Etymonline)^(OED 1989) In Australian and New Zealand colloquial use ''to go hostile'' is to become angry (1941).^(OED 1989) ''Hostility'' is older, from before 1425.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * before 1425 – hostility.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1594 – of an enemy.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1782 – unfriendly.^(OED 1989)

+ * 1838 – a hostile person (noun).^(Etymonline)

+ * 1941 – go hostile (Australian).^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of, relating to or typical of an [[enemy]].^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Showing ill will or [[opposition]]; antagonistic.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+ # Unfavourable to health or well-being; adverse or inhospitable.^(AHD)

+

+ ===Noun===

+ # An enemy, or an antagonistic person or thing.^(AHD)^(Collins 2023)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hostilely]]

+ * [[nonhostile]]

+ * [[semihostile]]

+ * [[unhostile]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[hostility]]

+ * [[host]]

+ * [[guest]]

+ * [[hospital]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}