frustra Latin · revision 10181

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *dʰrewgʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈfruːs.traː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈfrus.tra]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''frūstrā''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+ Plautus scans ''frustră'' in the phrase ''nē frustrā sīs''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is related to [[fraus]] “deceit, harm”.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) De Vaan takes it as the plural of ⟨*frūstrum⟩, from ⟨*fraud-tro-⟩; he reconstructs ⟨fraus⟩ as Proto-Italic ⟨*frawV-⟩, perhaps from [[ine-pro|*dʰrewgʰ-|t=to deceive]], with [[sa|ध्रुति|tr=dhrúti-|t=deception]] as a cognate.^(de Vaan 2008) Lewis & Short took it for an old case form of an adjective ⟨*frūsterus⟩, and Pedersen connected it with [[frustum]] “piece”.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is Plautus, “in vain”.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant to no purpose, in vain, without effect, as in Plautus, and in Terence without reason, needlessly, mistakenly, often in litotes.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means in vain, uselessly.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin used it for without reason, inconsiderately, and for with impunity.^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of acting without reason.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In [[m|en|vain]], to no purpose.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Without reason, [[m|en|needlessly]], mistakenly.^(OLD 2012)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' With [[m|en|impunity]].^(Niermeyer 1976)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[frūstrō]]

+ * [[frūstror]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fraudō]]

+ * [[fraus]]

+ * [[frūstrātiō]]

+ * [[en|frustrate]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}