funestus Latin · revision 10179

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Accius|origins=la fūnus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [fuːˈnɛs.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [fuˈnɛs.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fūnestus''' (feminine fūnesta, neuter fūnestum, comparative fūnestior, superlative fūnestissimus); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ Comparative ''fūnestior'', superlative ''fūnestissimus''.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|fūnus|-tus|t1=funeral, death]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan finds no clear etymology for ⟨fūnus⟩: if a gloss form ⟨foinus⟩ is genuine, it might come from the root of “to be afraid”, [[ine-pro|*bʰeyh₂-]], but he finds this not compelling.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citations are Accius, of mourning and of pollution by death.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Accius 170–c. 90 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant concerned with death or mourning, funereal, and of persons in mourning; ritually unclean through contact with death, polluted, as in Accius; lamentable, grievous; and in Cicero fatal, deadly, destructive, and Livy speaks of ''annālēs velut fūnestī'', annals as if of mourning.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means mournful, dismal, deadly.^(Stelten 1995) It survives as Italian and Spanish ''funesto'' and French ''funeste''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the grievous and the deadly.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses it of mourning.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of death or mourning, [[m|en|funereal]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Polluted by contact with death.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|grievous|alt=Grievous]], lamentable.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|fatal|alt=Fatal]], deadly, destructive.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[fūnestō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fūnus]]

+ * [[fūnereus]]

+ * [[fūnebris]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}