gratulor Latin · revision 10173
17 Oct 2026, 01:40 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=uncertain|formation=derivation|attested=Plautus|origins=ine-pro *gʷerH-}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɡraː.tʊ.ɫɔr]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈɡraː.tu.lor]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''grātulor''' (present infinitive grātulārī, perfect active grātulātus sum); first conjugation, deponent^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ Its formation is disputed.^(Wiktionary) The OLD and TLL derive it from ⟨*grāti-tulos⟩, from [[grātēs]] “thanks” with a suffix as in [[opitulor]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Wiktionary also gives a derivation from ⟨*grātulus⟩, a diminutive of [[grātus]] “pleasing”, and compares [[grātor]].^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces ⟨grātus⟩ to [[ine-pro|*gʷr̥H-to-|t=praised (in song)]].^(de Vaan 2008)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citations are Ennius, of thanking the gods, and Plautus, of congratulating.^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates Ennius 204–169 BC and Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant to give thanks to the gods, as in Ennius; to wish someone joy, congratulate, as in Plautus and Cicero; and, without a dative, to be glad, rejoice, as in Quintilian.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means to exult, rejoice.^(Stelten 1995) English ''gratulate'' (1550s) is from its participle ''grātulātus''.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it of thanking the gods.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of congratulating.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * c. 35–95/96 AD – Quintilian uses it of rejoicing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 1550s – English ''gratulate'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To give [[m|en|thanks]] (to the gods).^(OLD 2012)
+ # To [[m|en|congratulate]], wish joy.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # To [[m|en|rejoice]], be glad.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[congrātulor]]
+ * [[grātulābundus]]
+ * [[grātulātiō]]
+ * [[grātulātor]]
+ * [[adgrātulor]]
+ * [[grātulātōrius]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[grātus]]
+ * [[grātēs]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}