irritus Latin · revision 10158

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=Terence|origins=ine-pro *Hreh₁-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈɪr.rɪ.tʊs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈir.ri.tus]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''irritus''' (feminine irrita, neuter irritum, comparative irritior, superlative irritissimus, adverb irritē); first/second-declension adjective^(Wiktionary)

+ Also spelled ''inritus''.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is from [[m|la|in-|t=not]] and [[ratus]] “fixed, valid”, the participle of [[reor]] “to reckon”.^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan traces ⟨reor⟩ to [[ine-pro|*Hreh₁-]], with ⟨ratus⟩ originally “counted”, hence “legal”, cognate with [[got|𐍂𐌰𐌸𐌾𐍉|tr=raþjo|t=number, account]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's earliest source is Terence.^(Köbler 2010) Köbler dates Terence 190–159 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In law it meant not ratified, invalid, null and void, as in Cicero's ''aliquid inritum facere'' “to annul something”; of hopes or promises unfulfilled, empty, as in Catullus; of efforts ineffectual, vain, so ''in irritum'' “to no effect”, as in Livy; and of a person baffled, disappointed, as in Tibullus.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means void, invalid, vain.^(Stelten 1995) ''in irritum dēdūcere'' was to declare void.^(Köbler 2010) Italian ''irrito'' is a learned borrowing.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 190–159 BC – Terence uses it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it in law.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus uses it of vain hopes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # ''(law)'' [[m|en|invalid|alt=Invalid]], [[m|en|void]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Unfulfilled, empty.^(OLD 2012)

+ # Ineffectual, [[m|en|vain]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # Baffled, disappointed.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[irrītō]]

+ * [[irritē]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[ratus]]

+ * [[reor]]

+ * [[ratiō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Lewis & Short list a separate ''irrītus'', a by-form of ''hirrītus''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}