noxa Latin · revision 10136

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Livius Andronicus|origins=ine-pro *neḱ-}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''noxa''' ''f'' (genitive noxae); first declension^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is related to [[noceō]] “to harm”, from ⟨*noc-sa⟩.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) De Vaan takes ⟨noxa⟩ as formed secondarily beside ⟨noceō⟩, which he traces to [[itc-pro|*nokeje-|t=to cause death]], [[ine-pro|*noḱ-éye-|t=to make disappear, cause death]], cognate with [[sa|नाशयति|tr=nāśáyati|t=destroys]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The OLD's earliest citation is Livius Andronicus, of wrongdoing.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant injurious behaviour, wrongdoing, an offence, as in Livius Andronicus; in law the damage done by a child, slave or animal for which the head of the family was liable, as in Varro; apparently punishment, as in Accius, inferred from phrases such as ''noxae dēdere''; and harm, injury, as in Ovid's ''sine ūllīus noxā'' “without harm to anyone”.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means injury, offence, crime, punishment, fault, sin.^(Stelten 1995) British Medieval Latin used it for harm, injury.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 280/260–before 200 BC – Livius Andronicus uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius uses it of punishment.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro uses it in law.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 43 BC–18 AD – Ovid uses it of harm.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # Wrongdoing, an [[m|en|offence]].^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(law)'' Damage for which the head of a household was liable.^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|punishment|alt=Punishment]].^(OLD 2012)

+ # [[m|en|harm|alt=Harm]], [[m|en|injury]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[noxālis]]

+ * [[noxialis]]

+ * [[noxiōsus]]

+ * [[noxitūdō]]

+ * [[noxius]]

+ * [[obnoxius]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[nex]]

+ * [[necō]]

+ * [[noceō]]

+ * [[noxia]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Lewis & Short refer to Döderlein's synonyms for the difference from ''noxia''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}