provoco Latin · revision 10103
17 Oct 2026, 01:38 by bogdan “New Latin entry (sources: de Vaan, OLD, Lewis & Short, TLL...)” current version
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+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=Plautus|origins=la vocō}}
+
+ ==Pronunciation==
+ * IPA (Classical): [ˈproː.wɔ.koː]^(Wiktionary)
+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈprɔː.vo.ko]^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Forms==
+ '''prōvocō''' (present infinitive prōvocāre, perfect active prōvocāvī, supine prōvocātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Etymology==
+ It is [[af|la|prō-|vocō|t2=to call]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==
+ The OLD's earliest citation is Plautus, of calling someone out.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.^(Köbler 2010)
+
+ ==Semantic evolution==
+ It meant to call forth, summon out, as in Plautus; to draw out, make grow outwards, as in Tibullus; to challenge to a fight or contest, as in Accius; to provoke, rouse to action, and to challenge to excellence, as in Cicero; to challenge to a legal decision, as in Ulpian; and intransitively to appeal to the people or a higher court, as in Cicero.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)
+
+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means to provoke, arouse, stir up, excite, appeal.^(Stelten 1995) English ''provoke'' (late 14th century, first in medicine “to induce”) is from it, and it survives as French ''provoquer'' and Spanish ''provocar''.^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary)
+
+ ==Timeline==
+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of calling out.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius uses it of a challenge.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of rousing and of appeal.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)
+ * late 14th century – English ''provoke'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)
+
+ ==Meanings==
+ ===Verb===
+ # To call forth, [[m|en|summon]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)
+ # To [[m|en|challenge]] (to a contest).^(OLD 2012)
+ # To [[m|en|provoke]], rouse.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)
+ # ''(intransitive, law)'' To [[m|en|appeal]].^(OLD 2012)
+
+ ==Word family==
+ * [[prōvocātiō]]
+ * [[prōvocātīvus]]
+ * [[prōvocātor]]
+ * [[prōvocātōrius]]
+
+ ==Related words==
+ * [[vocō]]
+ * [[en|provoke]]
+
+ ==References==
+ {{reflist}}