servilis Latin · revision 10086

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Twelve Tables|origins=ine-pro *ser-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA (Classical): [sɛrˈwiː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * IPA (Ecclesiastical): [serˈviː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''servīlis''' (neuter servīle, adverb servīle or servīliter); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|servus|-īlis|t1=slave]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan traces ⟨servus⟩ to [[itc-pro|*serwo-|t=shepherd]], [[ine-pro|*ser-wo-|t=guardian]], and reports Rix's view that “guardian, shepherd” turned pejoratively into “slave” in Italy between about 700 and 450 BC.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler's earliest source is the Twelve Tables, and the OLD's earliest citation is Plautus.^(Köbler 2010)^(OLD 2012) Köbler dates the Twelve Tables c. 450 BC.^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It meant of, belonging to, or involving slaves, as in the ''tumultus servīlis'' “slave revolt” and Caesar's ''in servīlem modum'' “as with a slave”; and in Horace of character slavish, servile, mean.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means servile, slavish.^(Stelten 1995) Medieval Latin ''opera servīlia'' were the kinds of manual labour regarded as fit for the unfree, and ''terra servīlis'' a tenant holding of a manor.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(Köbler 2010) English ''servile'' (late 14th century) is from it.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of slavish character.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * late 14th century – English ''servile'' is recorded.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of a [[m|en|slave]] or slaves.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # [[m|en|slavish|alt=Slavish]], [[m|en|servile]], mean.^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Of manual labour; of unfree tenure.^(Niermeyer 1976)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[servus]]

+ * [[serviō]]

+ * [[servitūs]]

+ * [[en|servile]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}