orgulho

Forms

orgulho m (plural orgulhos)^[1] Old Galician-Portuguese wrote orgullo, and in the 14th century also argulho, ergulho and urgullo;^[2][3][4] orgulho is recorded from the 15th century.^[2][3][4]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Catalan orgull (“pride”), written Old Galician-Portuguese orgullo in the 13th century.^[3][1][2] Whether it came straight from Catalan or through Spanish orgullo is not settled: Cunha and Wiktionary name Catalan alone, Houaiss derives it from the Spanish word, and Aurélio and the DDGM leave both routes open.^{[3][1][2][5][4]} Corominas holds that the Spanish word itself is Catalan, since its ⟨ll⟩ and its /u/ can only be explained by Catalan sound changes.^[6][7]

The Catalan word is from Frankish *urgōli (“excellence”), a noun formed on a Frankish adjective “excellent, outstanding” that is seen in Old High German urguol (“outstanding, distinguished”).^[2][7][8] Wiktionary gives the chain as Vulgar Latin *orgollium, borrowed from Proto-West Germanic *uʀgōllju, from Proto-Germanic *uzgōljō, and compares Old Saxon urgōl and Old English orgel (“pride”).^[1] The same Germanic word is the source of French orgueil and Italian orgoglio.^[1][9]

Earliest recorded meaning

The Cantigas de Santa Maria use it for arrogance and insolence: est'orgullo que mi as mostrado “this arrogance you have shown me”, and con orgullo e con sobervia “with arrogance and pride”.^[4] The Crónica Troiana has it in the same sense.^[4]

Semantic evolution

The medieval word is a vice, paired with soberva “pride”, as in a 14th-century Rule of Saint Benedict (ergulho ou sobervha).^[4] The early dictionaries gloss it with Latin words for agitation of mind, boasting and liveliness.^[10][11] Bluteau in 1712–1728 notes that it is sometimes taken in a good sense, as spirit or self-respect, and in a bad sense as arrogant pride.^[12] Morais in 1789 adds a falconry sense, the haughtiness of a well-fed falcon little used to the hand, which turns shy and disobedient.^[13] The modern language has both the good and the bad sense, and uses the word for the person or thing one is proud of.^[2][5]

Timeline

• 13th century – orgullo in the Cantigas de Santa Maria.^[4]
• 14th century – the forms argulho, ergulho and urgullo.^[2][4]
• c. 1450 – argulho in the Livro das tres vertudes.^[14]
• 15th century – first record of the spelling orgulho.^[2][3]
• 1611 – Barbosa heads the word Orgulho.^[10]
• 1712–1728 – Bluteau describes its good and bad senses.^[12]
• 1789 – Morais records the falconry sense.^[13]
• 1836 – first record of the verb orgulhar.^[3]

Meanings

Noun

1. A sense of personal dignity; the self-respect that keeps one from shameful acts.^[2][5][15]
2. Pride, satisfaction in one's own or another's qualities or achievements.^[2][16][1]
3. Excessive self-esteem; arrogance, haughtiness.^[2][5][17]
4. Someone or something one is proud of: Este jardim é o orgulho da avó.^[2][5]

Word family

• orgulhar
• orgulhoso

Related words

• Spanish orgullo
• Catalan orgull
• French orgueil

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Houaiss, Antônio; Villar, Mauro de Salles (2001), Dicionário Houaiss da língua portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, p. s.v. orgulho
3. ^ a b c d e f Cunha, Antônio Geraldo da (2010), Dicionário etimológico da língua portuguesa, 4th ed., Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, p. s.v. orgulho
4. ^ a b c d e f g h Instituto da Lingua Galega, Dicionario de dicionarios do galego medieval (DDGM), ed. Ernesto González Seoane, Santiago de Compostela: Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, https://ilg.usc.gal/ddgm, p. s.v. orgullo
5. ^ a b c d e Ferreira, Aurélio Buarque de Holanda, Novo dicionário Aurélio da língua portuguesa, digital edition, p. s.v. orgulho
6. ^ Corominas, Joan (1973), Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, 3rd ed., Madrid: Gredos, p. s.v. orgullo
7. ^ a b Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1980–1991), Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico, 6 vols., Madrid: Gredos, p. 4, 296
8. ^ Nascentes, Antenor (1966), Dicionário etimológico resumido, Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Nacional do Livro, p. s.v. orgulho
9. ^ Rey, Alain, ed. (1992), Dictionnaire historique de la langue française, Paris: Le Robert, p. s.v. orgueil
10. ^ a b Barbosa, Agostinho (1611), Dictionarium lusitanicolatinum, Braga: Fructuoso Lourenço de Basto (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. orgulho
11. ^ Pereira, Bento (1697), Thesouro da lingoa portuguesa, in the 1697 edition of his Prosodia (1st ed. 1647; CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. orgulho
12. ^ a b Bluteau, Raphael (1712–1728), Vocabulario portuguez e latino, 8 vols. + 2 supplement vols., Coimbra / Lisboa (CLP transcription, Universidade de Aveiro), p. s.v. orgulho
13. ^ a b Silva, António de Morais (1789), Diccionario da lingua portugueza composto pelo padre D. Rafael Bluteau, reformado, e accrescentado, 2 vols., Lisboa: Simão Thaddeo Ferreira, p. 2, 138
14. ^ Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa, CTA – Corpus de Textos Antigos, https://teitok.clul.ul.pt/cta, p. s.v. argulho
15. ^ Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, revised online edition (2023–) of the Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa Contemporânea (2001), https://dicionario.acad-ciencias.pt, p. s.v. orgulho
16. ^ Aulete, Francisco Júlio Caldas, Dicionário contemporâneo da língua portuguesa (1st ed. 1881), online as Aulete Digital, Rio de Janeiro: Lexikon, https://aulete.com.br, p. s.v. orgulho
17. ^ Porto Editora (2013), Grande Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa, Porto: Porto Editora, p. 6735