Latin words first recorded in the 2nd century BC

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek κύτισος (kútisos). Köbler, after Frisk, takes the Greek word to be probably a loanword itself.

It is from Latin dēcēdō (“to go away, withdraw”) + -tus, a noun of action. The verb is formed from dē- and cēdō (“to go, yield”). De Vaan traces the simple verb to Proto-Italic *kesd-e/o- (“to go…

It is from Latin dē- + hīscō (“to open the mouth, gape”). The OLD and the TLL take hīscō as the inchoative of hiō (“to gape”). De Vaan traces that verb to Proto-Italic *χi-ā- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin dēminuō (“to lessen”) + -tiō. That verb is dē- with minuō (“to diminish”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *minu-je/o- (“to lessen”) and a nasal present Proto-Indo-European…

It is formed from Latin dēnī (“ten each”) + -ārius; the noun is short for nummus (“coin”) with the adjective, the coin “containing ten” asses. De Vaan derives the numeral decem (“ten”) from…

1. The adjective “laughable” is from Latin dērīdeō (“to laugh at, mock”), its past participle. The verb is formed from dē- and rīdeō (“to laugh”), for which de Vaan finds no good Indo-European…

It is from Latin dēscendō (“to descend”) + -tus, a verbal noun of the fourth declension.

It is from Latin dē- + secō (“to cut”). The verb secō goes back to Proto-Italic *sekaje/o- and Proto-Indo-European *sekh₁-ie/o- (“to cut off”). Its cognates include Umbrian prusekatu (“to cut out”)…

It is from Latin dē- + stīllō (“to drip”). The TLL quotes Servius, who derives it from stīlla (“drop”), and de Vaan lists ⟨dēstīllāre⟩ among the derivatives of that noun. De Vaan regards the noun as…

It is probably from Latin diēs (“day”) with the suffix -ālis; de Vaan lists ⟨diālis⟩ “of Jupiter”, in the title of the priest flāmen Diālis, among the derivatives of that noun, which goes back to…

It is an adverb from Latin difficilis (“difficult”), a by-form of difficiliter, which is from Latin difficilis + -ter. That adjective is made from dis- and facilis (“easy”), which de Vaan lists…

It is formed from Latin discēdō (“to go apart, depart”) + -tus. The verb is dis- (“apart”) and cēdō (“to go, withdraw”), which de Vaan, following Lubotsky, derives from Proto-Italic *kesd-e/o- (“to…

It is from Latin discrīminō (“to divide, separate”) + -tiō. The verb is from discrīmen (“separating line, distinction”), which de Vaan lists among the derivatives of cernō (“to sift, distinguish…

1. The adjective for “scattered” is the past participle from Latin dispergō (“to spread about, scatter”), used as an adjective. The verb is formed from dis- and spargō (“to scatter, shower”), which…

It is from Latin diūturnus (“lasting, long-lasting”) + -tās. Köbler refers diūturnus to diū (“for a long time”). De Vaan explains diū as the old locative of the word for "day", going back to…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἔκλειψις (ékleipsis, “a failing, forsaking; eclipse”). The Greek noun comes from ἐκλείπω (ekleípō, “to leave out, forsake; to be eclipsed”), from ἐκ (ek, “out”) and…

It is from Latin equus (“horse”) + -uleus. De Vaan traces equus to Proto-Italic *ekwo- (“horse”) and Proto-Indo-European *h₁eḱ-u- (“horse”), comparing Sanskrit अश्व (áśva-, “horse”) and Ancient…

It is from Latin ē- + languēscō (“to grow weak”). The base is the inchoative of langueō (“to be faint”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *(s)lā̆ng-u-, an adjective meaning “faint, weak”, a…

Used as an adjective, it is the perfect participle from Latin efferō (“to carry out, raise”).

It is from Latin ēlegāns (“fastidious, refined”) + -ter. De Vaan explains ēlegāns as the participle of a verb ⟨*ex-legāre⟩, beside legō (“to gather, read”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *leg-e-…

It is from Latin ēmendō (“to free from faults, correct”) + -tiō. That verb is formed from ⟨ex-⟩ “out” and menda (“fault, blemish”). De Vaan takes that noun as the old plural of mendum, which goes…

It is formed from Latin ex- (“out”) + mendum (“fault, blemish”) or menda, with the verb suffix -ō. De Vaan derives the noun from Proto-Italic *m(e)ndo- and compares Old Irish mennar (“blemish”) and…

It is from Latin ex- + rādō (“to scrape”). De Vaan traces rādō to Proto-Italic *rasd-e/o-. Cognate with Welsh rhathu and Breton rahein (“to scrape, shave”).

It is from Latin ērigō (“to raise up, erect”), its participle, used as an adjective. The verb is from ex- (“out, up”) and regō (“to direct, guide”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *reg-e/o-…

It is from Latin ērūgō (“to belch”), with the frequentative suffix -tō, as the OLD analyses it; Wiktionary allows either that or a compound of ē- and ructō (“to belch”), both from the same root. De…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek ἦθος (êthos, “custom, character”). The Greek word means “custom, usage”, in the plural “haunts”; it differs from ἔθος (éthos, “custom”) only by its long vowel.

It is from Latin ex- + acuō (“to sharpen”).

It is from Latin ex- + aggerō (“to heap up”). The OLD refers it to aggerō “to carry to”, a compound of ad- and gerō, whereas Etymonline takes ⟨aggerāre⟩ “to heap up” from agger (“heap”).

It is formed from Latin ex- + cavō (“to hollow out”). cavō is from cavus (“hollow”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *kawo- and Proto-Indo-European *ḱouH-ó- (“hollow”).

It is from Latin ex- + colō (“to till, inhabit”). De Vaan traces colō to Proto-Italic *kʷele/o- and Proto-Indo-European *kʷelh₁-e/o- (“to go round”), with cognates such as Sanskrit चरति (cárati, “to…

It is from Latin exiguus (“scanty, small”) + -tās. De Vaan holds that exiguus was derived from exigō, a compound of agō (“to drive”), which he traces to Proto-Italic *ag-e/o- and Proto-Indo-European…

It is from Latin ex- + tenuō (“to make thin”). tenuō is from tenuis (“thin”), which de Vaan traces to Proto-Italic *tn̥(a)u- and Proto-Indo-European *tn̥h₂-(e)u- (“thin”). He compares Sanskrit तनु…

It is from Latin exter (“outside, foreign”), in the comparative degree with the suffix -ior. De Vaan lists it, with extrā, externus and extrēmus, among the derivatives of ex (“out of”), from…

It is from Latin ex- + ulcerō (“to make sore”), from ulcus (“sore, ulcer”). De Vaan traces ulcus to Proto-Italic *elkos and Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-os (“ulcer”), with cognates such as Ancient…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fāgo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂g-o- (“oak; beech”). Cognate with Ancient Greek φηγός (phēgós, “a kind of oak; acorn”), Old English bōc and Old…

It is a compound from Latin fātum (“fate, destiny”) + dīcō (“to say”), with the root of the verb and the ending ⟨-dicus⟩. fātum is the participle of for (“to speak”), which de Vaan traces to…

It is from Latin Faunus (“a rustic god”), with the feminine ending. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of Faunus, which he traces to a Proto-Italic form meaning “favourable”, Proto-Italic…

It is from Latin februum (“means of purification”) + -ārius, the month of the ⟨februa⟩, the rites of purification held in it. De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of that noun. Ancient writers…

It is from Latin februum (“means of purification”) + -ō. The OLD derives it from the plural ⟨februa⟩, the rites of purification, and de Vaan lists it among the derivatives of the noun.

The origin is uncertain. De Vaan takes it as a noun made from an adjective ⟨*februus⟩ “purifying”, which presupposes an older ⟨*febro-⟩ “purification”; his reconstruction is inherited from…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek φέρετρον (phéretron, “bier, litter”). Wiktionary adds that it was crossed with, or analysed as, ferō (“to carry”) and -trum, and calls ferculum a doublet with…

It is formed from Latin fermentum (“leaven, yeast”) + -ō, the verb suffix. De Vaan reconstructs the noun as Proto-Italic *fer(a)mentom, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer(H)-mn̥ (“ferment”), and finds…

The origin is uncertain. Assuming that the giant fennel was named for its long stalks, de Vaan and the OLD suggest a connection with festūca (“stalk, straw”), with the same stem in each; there is no…

It is probably in origin a participle, from Latin fatīscō (“to split; to grow weary”), with its vowel taken from dēfessus (“worn out”) and kept apart from fassus, the participle of fateor (“to…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fēti-āli-, a noun use of an adjective meaning “of the (religious) congregation”, formed with -ālis. Its base *fētis goes back to Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁-ti-…

The origin is uncertain. It is perhaps from Latin fibra (“fibre”), in a specialised meaning, but de Vaan notes that the nasal is unexplained and that the irregular alternation may point to a…

It is from Latin flō (“to blow”) + -tus, a verbal noun of the fourth declension. De Vaan tentatively traces flō to Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₁- (“to blow”), perhaps related to fleō (“to weep”).

It is from Latin flōs (“flower”). De Vaan reconstructs Proto-Italic *flōs-ā- (“goddess of flowers”) beside Proto-Italic *flōs (“flower”), and compares the formation to aurōra beside an earlier…

It is from Latin Flōra (“goddess of flowers”) + -ālis. The medieval sense “flowering” goes back directly to flōs (“flower”).

It is an inchoative verb, from Latin flōreō (“to bloom”), formed with -ēscō. De Vaan lists both verbs among the derivatives of flōs (“flower”), which goes back to Proto-Italic *flōs and…

It is from Latin flōs (“flower”) + -idus, made after flōreō (“to bloom”). De Vaan traces flōs to Proto-Italic *flōs(-) (“flower”) and Proto-Indo-European *bʰleh₃-ōs (“blossoming”), with cognates…

It is from Latin forum (“marketplace, forum”) + -ēnsis. The noun forum goes back to Proto-Italic *fworom and Proto-Indo-European *dʰwor-o- (“room near the door”), from the word for a door; the…

The origin is uncertain. It may be inherited from Proto-Italic *foriā-, which de Vaan reconstructs with a query. Walde and Hofmann tentatively connected it with the root Proto-Indo-European *dʰer-…

It is from Latin fodiō (“to dig”) + -ilis, formed on ⟨foss-⟩, the stem of the participle fossus. The verb goes back to Proto-Italic *foþ-i- and Proto-Indo-European *bʰodʰ-i- (“to poke, dig”).

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *frī̆-ā-, which de Vaan explains as a verb made from an adjective *frio-, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰriH-o- (“cut”). The same adjective, with another suffix, lies…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fuswo-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-u̯o- (“dark, brown”). De Vaan follows Rix, who posits this form with the suffix of other colour words such as…

It is inherited from Proto-Italic *fusko-, inherited from Proto-Indo-European *dʰus-ko- (“dark-coloured”). De Vaan notes that the suffix ⟨-ko-⟩ marked physical traits of people, as in cascus and…

It is borrowed from Gaulish *gaisos, from Proto-Celtic *gaisos. Cognate with Old Irish gae (“spear”) and Welsh gwayw, and with Old English gār and Old High German gēr, also meaning “spear”. Köbler…

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek γάρον (gáron), a form of γάρος (gáros), the name of the fish from which the sauce was first made. The origin of the Greek word is unknown. Isidore of Seville says…

It is from Latin gemma (“bud; precious stone”) + -eus. De Vaan takes “bud, sprout” to be the original meaning of gemma and reconstructs Proto-Italic *gebmā- and Proto-Indo-European *ǵeb-m- (“sprout…