Etymologically
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vindex

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈwɪn.dɛks][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈvin.deks][1]

Forms

vindex m or f (genitive vindicis); third declension[1]

Etymology

It is probably from the accusative ⟨vim⟩ of vīs “force” and dīcō “to declare”, formed like iūdex “judge”.[1][2] The OLD relates it to vindicō “to claim”.[2] Festus says the ⟨vindex⟩ is so called because he claims (⟨vindicat⟩) a person seized so that no one else may hold him.[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citation is the Law of the Twelve Tables, of the legal vindex.[2] Köbler dates the Twelve Tables about 450 BC.[4]

Semantic evolution

In early law, in the procedure of manūs iniectiō, it was the person who secured a seized debtor's release by taking responsibility, as in the Twelve Tables.[2] From Plautus it meant a defender, champion of a person or his rights, and in Cicero an avenger, punisher of a wrong.[2]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant an avenger, a claimant.[5] British Medieval Latin used it for a defender, champion, as Christ the defender of salvation.[6] It was borrowed into Italian vindice.[1]

Timeline

  • c. 450 BC – The Twelve Tables use it of the legal vindex.[2][4]
  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a champion.[2][4]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of an avenger.[2][4]

Meanings

Noun

  1. (law) One who secures a seized debtor's release.[2]
  2. A defender, champion.[2]
  3. An avenger, punisher.[2]

Word family

Usage notes

Vindex was also a Roman cognomen, as of Gaius Julius Vindex, who led a revolt in Gaul against Nero in AD 68.[2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
  4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  6. ^ Latham, R. E., D. R. Howlett, R. K. Ashdowne, et al. (1975–2013), Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, London: British Academy / Oxford University Press