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vero

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [ˈweː.roː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [ˈvɛː.ro][1]

Forms

vērō (not comparable)[1]

Etymology

It is formed from Latin vērus + -ō, the ablative of the adjective “true” used as an adverb.[2][1] De Vaan derives ⟨vērus⟩ from Proto-Italic *wēro-, from Proto-Indo-European *weh₁-ro- (“true”).[3]

Earliest recorded meaning

It is found from Plautus on:[4] māvīs vituperārier falsō quam vērō extollī? “would you rather be blamed falsely than praised truly?”[2]

Semantic evolution

Vērō first means “truly, honestly”, then “in fact, really” and “certainly, without doubt”.[2][1] In answers it confirms, “yes, indeed” (ego vērō “I do indeed”).[2] It stresses a word (“indeed, to be sure”), introduces a further argument (“moreover”), and, placed second in its clause, has a mild adversative force, “but, on the other hand”.[2][1][5]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – First found in Plautus, also in replies: ego vērō.[2][4]
  • 81–43 BC – Cicero: vērō facis et meritō et piē, “you act rightly, deservedly and dutifully”.[2][4]

Meanings

Adverb

  1. truly, honestly.[2]
  2. In fact, really, indeed.[2][1][5]
  3. certainly, without doubt.[2][5]
  4. (in answers) Yes, indeed.[2]
  5. Moreover.[2]
  6. (postpositive) But, on the other hand.[2][1][5]

Usage notes

A separate verb vērō “to speak the truth” is found in Ennius: satin' vātēs vērant? “do the seers tell the truth?”[6][2]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
  4. ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ a b c d Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  6. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press