Etymologically
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verna

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈwɛr.na][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈvɛr.na][1]

Forms

verna m or f (genitive vernae); first declension[1]

Etymology

The origin is uncertain.[1][2] It is perhaps from Etruscan: the OLD suggests a form ⟨*vers-na⟩ built on Etruscan verse (“fire”),[3] and Köbler and Wiktionary also consider an Etruscan source.[2][1] Wiktionary notes that an Indo-European origin would connect it with words for "dwelling" such as Sanskrit वास्तु (vā́stu, “house”) and Ancient Greek ἄστυ (ástu, “town”);[1] Lewis & Short gave this explanation.[4]

Earliest recorded meaning

Köbler dates it from Plautus,[2] who in the Amphitruo has a slave who was born in the house.[3]

Semantic evolution

A verna was a slave born in the master's household, as opposed to one bought, and was usually treated with more indulgence;[3][4] Plautus, Caelius in a letter to Cicero, and Horace use it.[3][4] In naval inscriptions it seems to be used of men born of the union of serving sailors.[3] It also came to mean a common, town-bred person, especially with regard to the coarse wit such people were known for: Seneca says that a soldier from rough country is braver, while the townsman born and bred is slack.[3] Martial applies it to animals bred at home, as home-bred boars.[3] Wiktionary also gives its use as a term of abuse.[1]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus of a slave born in the house.[3][2]
  • 65–8 BC – Horace.[4]
  • 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca of the slack townsman.[3]
  • 40–102/103 AD – Martial of home-bred boars.[3]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A slave born in the master's household, a home-born slave.[3][4][1]
  2. A common town-bred person, especially as a coarse wit;[3][1] (as a term of abuse) a low fellow.[3][1]
  3. An animal bred at home or in captivity; a home product.[3]

Word family

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b c d e Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press