Etymologically
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servitium

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Pronunciation

  • IPA (Classical): [sɛrˈwɪ.ti.ũː][1]
  • IPA (Ecclesiastical): [serˈvit.t͡si.um][1]

Forms

servitium n (genitive servitiī or servitī); second declension[1]

Etymology

It is from servus “slave” with the suffix -itium.[2][1][3]

Earliest recorded meaning

The OLD's earliest citations are from Plautus, of a body of slaves, and Terence, of slavery.[2] Köbler dates Plautus c. 250–184 BC.[4]

Semantic evolution

It meant the condition of a slave, slavery, servitude, as in Terence and Livy, a word Lewis and Short say Cicero does not use in this sense, preferring servitūs.[2][5][6] In Sallust it meant political subjection, and in Tacitus servility.[2] Concretely, from Plautus, it meant a body of slaves, the slave class, and in Cicero slaves.[2] Döderlein explains that servus is a servant who is not free, while minister is a free attendant.[7]

In Ecclesiastical Latin it meant service, servitude, subjection, slavery.[8] Medieval Latin used it for service in general, the condition of one bound to serve without being a slave.[9] It survives in Italian servizio and French service, and Old French servise gave English service about 1100, of religious worship.[1][3]

Timeline

  • c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of a body of slaves.[2][4]
  • 190–159 BC – Terence uses it of slavery.[2][4]
  • 86–34 BC – Sallust uses it of political subjection.[2][4]
  • c. 1100 – English service is recorded.[3]

Meanings

Noun

  1. Slavery, servitude.[2]
  2. Political subjection; servility.[2]
  3. A body of slaves; slaves.[2]
  4. (Medieval Latin) Service.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  3. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  4. ^ a b c d Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  6. ^ Gaffiot, Félix (2016), Dictionnaire latin-français, new ed. by Gérard Gréco et al. (Gaffiot 2016), online ed.
  7. ^ Döderlein, Ludwig (1874), Döderlein’s Hand-book of Latin Synonymes, tr. H. H. Arnold, Andover: W. F. Draper
  8. ^ Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  9. ^ a b Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill