Etymologically
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scorpio

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Pronunciation

  • Classical: [ˈskɔr.pi.oː][1]
  • Ecclesiastical: [ˈskɔr.pi.o][1]

Forms

scorpiō m (genitive scorpiōnis); third declension[1] Poets also use scorpius and scorpios, closer to the Greek.[2]

Etymology

It is borrowed from Ancient Greek σκορπίος (skorpíos, “scorpion”),[3][1][4] with the ending ⟨-iō, -iōnis⟩ perhaps modelled on stēlliō and pāpiliō.[3] Lewis & Short also compare σκορπίων (skorpíōn).[2] Köbler and Etymonline connect it with Proto-Indo-European *sker- (“to cut”).[4][5]

Earliest recorded meaning

The earliest quotation in the OLD is from Cato's work on farming, where a recipe adds one scorpion and six snails;[3] Köbler's earliest source is Cicero.[4]

Semantic evolution

Celsus writes that the scorpion is itself the best remedy for its sting, and Pliny the Elder describes land scorpions as a plague that kills slowly over three days.[3] Varro uses the name of the constellation and zodiac sign, saying that the first day of winter falls with the sun in Scorpio.[3] Pliny also uses it of a spiny sea fish, probably a scorpionfish, and of two plants.[3] In military use it is a small quick-firing catapult for arrows: Caesar tells how a man was struck by a scorpiō and the next to take his place was killed by another,[3] and Sallust has a letter shot into a camp by one.[3] Surveyors used the word for a heap of stones marking a boundary.[3] In Ecclesiastical Latin it is also an instrument of torture, a whip,[6] and in medieval Latin a leaded scourge.[7] English scorpion comes from it through Old French.[5]

Timeline

  • 234–149 BC – Cato names the animal in a recipe.[3][4]
  • 116–27 BC – Varro uses it of the constellation.[3][4]
  • c. 50 BC – Caesar uses it of a catapult.[3][4]
  • 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of a sea fish and of plants.[3][4]
  • c. 1200 – English scorpion is recorded, from Old French.[5]

Meanings

Noun

  1. A scorpion.[3][2]
  2. (astronomy) The constellation and zodiac sign Scorpio.[3][1]
  3. scorpiō marīnus: a spiny sea fish, probably the scorpionfish.[3][1]
  4. The name of certain plants, among them a leafless shrub.[3]
  5. (military) A small quick-firing catapult for arrows.[3][2]
  6. (surveying) A heap of stones used as a boundary mark.[3]
  7. (Ecclesiastical Latin) An instrument of torture, a whip;[6][7] (Medieval Latin) a leaded scourge.[6][7]

Word family

  • scorpionius
  • scorpaena
  • scorpiacum
  • scorpioctonon
  • scorpītis
  • scorpiūrus
  • scorpius

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
  2. ^ a b c d Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
  5. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com
  6. ^ a b c Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
  7. ^ a b c Niermeyer, J. F. (1976), Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, Leiden: Brill