reddo
Pronunciation
Forms
reddō (present infinitive reddere, perfect active reddidī, supine redditum); third conjugation[1] Plautus has the future reddibō;[2] an inscription has the perfect redideī.[2]
Etymology
It is formed from Latin re- + dō, “give back”.[2][1] The double ⟨dd⟩ continues the reduplicated present ⟨*di-d-⟩ of Proto-Indo-European *deh₃- (“to give”), which Latin keeps only in this verb.[3][1] Compare Sanskrit ददामि (dadāmi, “I give”), Ancient Greek δίδωμι (dídōmi, “I give”) and Oscan didest (“will give”).[3][4]
Because compounds of ⟨dō⟩ “give” and ⟨-dō⟩ “put” merged in Latin, de Vaan notes that the assignment of each compound in ⟨-dere⟩ is not always certain; he lists this verb under the simple verb “give”.[4]
Earliest recorded meaning
It is found from Naevius on:[4] Siciliēnsēs paciscit obsidēs ut reddant, “he makes terms with the Sicilians that they return the hostages”.[2]
Semantic evolution
The basic sense is “give back, restore” something taken or borrowed, also persons, a state of mind, and a loan; hence “put back, restore to a position or condition”.[2] From this come “give out again”: to breathe out, to throw up, to reflect an image or echo a sound, to repeat words and to answer.[2] Reddere also means to pay what is due (money, vows, honours, penalties), to hand over or deliver (a letter, one's life, an office), to give an account (ratiōnem reddere), and iūra reddere “to administer justice”.[2]
Of land it means “to yield”, and in general “to produce” an effect, sound or smell; with a predicate it means “to make, render” (certiōrem reddere “to inform”).[2][5] In Church Latin it is used for giving what is due and rewarding.[5]
Timeline
- c. 235–200 BC – First found in Naevius.[4][2]
- c. 250–184 BC – Plautus: quis mī igitur drachumam reddet? “who will pay me back the drachma, then?”[2][6]
- 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of repeating a prepared speech word for word.[2][6]
- 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of an heir who reproduces his ancestor's name.[2][6]
Meanings
Verb
- To give back, restore, return;[2][7] to repay (a loan).[2]
- To restore (a person or thing to a position or condition).[2]
- To bring back into view, cause to reappear.[2]
- To breathe out, give off;[2] to throw up, pass (waste).[2]
- To reflect (an image), echo (a sound);[2] to repeat (words).[2]
- To say in reply.[2]
- To reproduce, resemble.[2][1]
- To pay (money due), discharge (a debt);[2] to render (offerings, honour); to discharge (a vow).[2]
- To hand over, give up;[2] to surrender (one's life), resign (an office).[2]
- To deliver (a letter).[2]
- ratiōnem reddere, to render an account;[2] causam reddere, to give a reason.[2]
- iūra reddere, to administer justice.[2]
- (of land) To yield, produce.[2]
- To bring about, produce (an effect, sound, smell).[2]
- (with predicate) To make, render;[2] certiōrem reddere, to inform.[5]
Word family
- redditiō
- redditiuus
- redditor
- redditus
Related words
References
- ^ a b c d e f Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Glare, P. G. W., ed. (2012), Oxford Latin Dictionary, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press
- ^ a b Thesaurus linguae Latinae (1900–), Leipzig: Teubner; Berlin: De Gruyter; open-access ed., Munich: Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
- ^ a b c d de Vaan, Michiel (2008), Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages, Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7, Leiden; Boston: Brill
- ^ a b c Stelten, Leo F. (1995), Dictionary of Ecclesiastical Latin, Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson
- ^ a b c Köbler, Gerhard (2010), Lateinisches Abkunfts- und Wirkungswörterbuch für Altertum und Mittelalter, online ed., koeblergerhard.de
- ^ Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press